Physics Chapter 2 Notes

I noticed that I have not described the rule of F=ma in either the last email or this one. Where would you suggest it be described? Somehow the details of adding forces and balanced forces were missed in the last email and also it did not make perfect sense for me to note. As far as I am concerned the khan academy does not lecture it so I am not too sure in what to do about this. I am assuming finding velocity is the sole purpose of applying the law of conservation of momentum. Is this true? I also would like to note that a graph could not be drawn in some situations again due to me lacking the technology to send photos of handwritten notes.Hence there is sadly no examples of a problem for translational equilibrium and for the force-time graph in which impulse can be identified. I also have referred to explosions as divisions. Is this appropriate? Newton's First Law of Motion: A body will remain at rest or moving with constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Example: †¢ Q: while traveling in train if one throws a ball up it lands on his palm though the train is moving. my doubt is that though the ball is detached from motion how does it manage to land on his palm though he is moving along with the train? A: he ball lands on your hand because the ball is, in reality, traveling at the same velocity as the train, you, and everything else on, or part of the train. The ball is not at rest, because assume while the train was accelerating, you were holding the ball. Since you were moving with the train, then the ball is moving at the same velocity you are, and therefore, the same speed the train is moving. Translational Equilibrium: The condition for translational equilibrium is for all the forces acting on a body to be balanced Newtons Second Law of Motion: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = mv).It is measured in kg m /s and is a vector quantity. Impulse is the change in momentum when an object reacts to clashing with an external force (momentum after – momentum before) The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on that body and takes place in the same direction. Example: †¢ Q: There is a car with 500 KG mass and constant velocity 50 mph. As the car hits a wall what force will be applied on the wall? as the velocity is constant the acceleration would be zero and substituting in the second law F = 500 x 0 =0 †¢ A: In the first question, the acceleration is not zero.It is zero before the car hits the wall, but when it hits the wall, the car will go from a speed of 50 mph to 0 mph in a very short space of time, which is a big deceleration (acceleration in the other direction), until it's speed is zero. The wall will experience an acceleration away from the car. Hence there is a substantial force. Newtons Third Law of Motion: If body A exerts a force on body B, Body B will exert an equal and opposite force on Body A. Example: †¢ Q: I hav e a pen and I push it with an arbitrary amount of force. The pen will exert the same amount of force on me.So wouldn't the forces cancel? And wouldn't the pen not move at all? †¢ A: The forces are equal, but that does not mean this is no reaction. F=ma says that the reaction on each object (you and the pen) due to equal forces will be based on yours and the pens masses. If you and the pen are of equal mass, you and the pen will receive equal acceleration, just in the opposite directions. In space (no friction), the pen will start to move in one direction and you will start to move in the opposite direction, the speed of each based on the individuals or objects mass. The Law of Conservation of Momentum:Basically, this is just a combination of Newton's 3 laws but is useful when solving problems. For a system of isolated bodies, the total momentum is always the same. When solving problems for impulse and momentum; in a hypothetical situation (in order for this law to apply), where everything in space is isolated from the rest of the universe; momentum before and after are equal and therefore impulse is 0. Hence, pronumerals such as velocity is found by interpreting questions where different bodies may collide or where a body may divide. The area under a force (y-axis) – time (x-axis) graph is equal to the impulse.Work, Energy and Power: These are quantities which help explain what enables one body to push another. †¢ Work:  ° Work = force x distance moved in direction of the force. It is measured in newtonmetres (Nm), which is a joule (J). Work is a scalar quantity.  ° In the cases of the force being non-constant, the formula for work would only apply if the average force is used. Hence, by use of a graphical method, the area under force-distance graph is equal to the work done †¢ Energy:  ° Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy a body has due to its movement. For a body to gain this it has to have work done on it.The amount of work that i s done is equal to the increase in kinetic energy. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mv^2/2  ° Gravitational potential energy (PE) is the energy a body has due to to its position above the Earth. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mgh  ° loss of KE = gain in PE, gain in KE = loss in PE  ° The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed and it is only changed from one form to another.  ° KE and PE are the two most basic forms of energy. When more complicated systems are learnt, there is a whole variety of different forms of energy in which to do work.Exaples include petrol, gas, electricity, solar and nuclear.  ° Energy, collisions and division: * Elastic collisions are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. * Inelastic collisions are collisions in which not all momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Therefore, this has many outcomes. * Divisions are always inelastic because without any work and therefore increasing the KE, the segments that seperate after the division would not have any KE and would therefore not be moving. The energy to initiate a division often comes from the chemical energy contained within a body. Power:  ° Power is the work done per unit time. It is measured in J/s, which is a watt (W). Power is also a scalar quantity. †¢ Efficiency:  ° Efficiency = useful work out / work put in. It is not measured in any units and is a scalar quantity.  ° Due to the law of conservation of energy, efficiency can never be greater than 1.  ° The useful work out is found by the unbalanced force on the box.  ° The work put in is found by the work done by the pulling force. Uniform Circular Motion: When describing motion in a circle we often use quatities reffering to the angular rather than the linear quantities.Centripetal acceleration is where the change in velocity of a body is directed towards the centre of a circle in the frame of its motion b eing circular. This is expressed by the formula: a = v^2 /2 Centripetal Force is the force acting on the body towards the centre of the circle. This is expressed by F = mv^2 /r N = kg/m/s^2 F = ma. Force is mass times acceleration. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. Velocity is distance over time. So acceleration is change in distance over time over time, or distance over time squared.

Digestion and Food Essay

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules so they can pass though the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and be transported throughout the body. There are seven different food groups in a balanced diet which should include Carbohydrate, fat, water, protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Although most foods contain these in some shape or form the foods that contain most of one type fall into that category, a chicken fillet for example would fall under the protein category because it contains more protein per hundred grams than any other nutrient. This assignment will explain the systems and processes necessary for the digestion of a Beef sandwich and a chicken Tikka Masala with rice. In the digestion of a beef sandwich containing sliced Beef, bread, butter and a chicken Tikka Masala there are different stages of where food is broken down. Enzymes are added at different times to ensure the food is absorbed properly. Digestion technically starts in the brain. Even before food touches your lips the stomach is already preparing for the food about to be ingested. The ingestion process starts with taking food into the mouth (eating and drinking). The purpose of this is so the food can be cut into smaller pieces and saliva is added before it is swallowed. This is where the first enzymes start work. There are two enzymes found in the saliva of the mouth, salivary amylase and lingual lipase. Amylase breaks down dietary carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharide sugars and complex polysaccharides (starch). Monosaccharide’s can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream so the others need to be broken down into these before they can be absorbed (Derrickson, Tortora 2006 p906). The salivary amylase starts to break down the polysaccharide starch found in the bread of sandwich and the rice in the chicken Tikka meal while it is being chewed. Once the food has been swallowed it slides down the throat which extends into the esophagus. The smooth muscle, mucus and secretions in the esophagus enable the food to slide down easily into the stomach. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter which connects to the stomach. The stomach is a j-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices secreted by the lining. The gastric juices consist of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria (Parker 2007 p176). The main enzyme in the stomach is called pepsin which specialises in the break down of protein. Gastric pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides, pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which change the polypeptides into peptides (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). The proteins in the beef part of the sandwich and chicken part of the Tikka Masala are broken down by theses enzymes in order to extract the essential amino acids found in the peptides so that they can be easily absorbed in the small intestine where the food moves to after the stomach has done its work. The intestinal mucosal peptidases in the small intestine break the peptides down into amino acids allowing this to happen. As the carbohydrate (rice and bread from the two meals) enters the stomach the salivary amylase is deactivated by the ph level. As the food then enters the duodenum which is the first part of the small intestine, another type of amylase is then added from the pancreas which changes the carbohydrates into simple sugars (Parker 2007). The simple sugars are maltose lactose and sucrose. As these are pasted further into the small intestine ‘the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed, which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream’ (Collins 2007). Once this has happened the glucose is transported to the liver where it can be where it can be stored or distributed to cells throughout the body (Collins 2007). Fats fall under three categories, saturated (mainly found in animal products); Unsaturated (fish, nuts) and Trans fats which are mainly found in vegetable oils and processed foods made from hydrogenated vegetable fats. Fats or lipids as there also known ‘are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents’ (Bailey 2008). This means lipids take longer to digest than carbohydrates and proteins. The fat content of the two meals comes mainly from the butter of the beef sandwich and the cream of the Masala sauce. The Short chain triglycerides found in these are digested by gastric lipase in the stomach. The majority of fat digestion though is done in the small intestine where pancreatic lipase and bile salts are added. The bile salts emulsify fat into droplets which makes them water soluble allowing them to be absorbed more easily. The pancreatic lipase ‘breaks down fats and phospholipids into a mixture of glycerol, short and long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides’ (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). Small finger like projections on the small intestine called Villi give it a large surface area making it easy for the absorption allowing the fatty acids and monoglycerides to pass through into the blood stream. Nearly all vital nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine and the left over waste that passes into the large intestine afterwards is known as the chyme. The chyme descends through three main regions of the large intestine called the caecum, colon and rectum. During this journey sodium, chloride, and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon into the blood making less watery faeces to be excreted out of the anus.

Pros and Cons of Mobile Phones Essay

Mobile phones have become a hot commodity and have turned into a social norm. The introduction of smart phones has affected the way in which mobile phones are used and by whom. Due to mobile media, we are now able to communicate for free, watch movies on our phones, listen to music on the go and be currently updated with the latest news – all this information at the edge of our fingertips. However, this advancement in social media and technology has affected our values and culture, some good and some bad. Researchers and scientists have coined the term Mobilology, which is the study of mobile phones and how they affect human behavior, culture, education and economics. Mobile phones have altered social norms and values, and cultural progression. They have made communication easy by enabling us decreased face to face interaction and meetings. Communication has become more impersonal, which contradicts the very use of communication (Rani, 2008). Children that grow up surrounded by mobile phones will eventually get used to impersonal communication and in the future, might find it hard to deal with simple day to day interaction (Rani). Rani also stated how the Short Messaging Service has redefined communication in a sense that what constitutes for communication these days is a few words typed and sent to one or many recipients without emotion and verbal cues. Aside from making interactions between people less personal, SMS has also affected the written form of English language in which children now use. Mobile phones have also led to the birth of a generation that prefer being alone, glued to their phones and being extremely introverted (Rani, 2008). In our society currently, phones have become such a common device that most people feel exposed and isolated, feeling as if we are no longer able to communicate (Rogers, 2008). The art of conversation has become mobile, making mobile phones the lifeline to the outside world. Waiting and pesky overseas charges no longer apply as with the development of the Internet, there are now many applications that can be downloaded into the mobile phone to allow communication with people from all over the world. Calls and messages can now be sent for free, and all anyone needs is a wi-fi connection, and perhaps some of us treasure this connection more than we do with connections with our friends and family. Mobile technology has paved a pathway to a society that’s always ‘on’ (Rani, 2008). Anyone is easily reachable at any time of day and place through their cell phones. The whole world, with over 7 billion people can connect to one another with just a flick of the finger or the keying in of numbers. Rani also wrote that this tool can come in handy during emergencies, as a person is able to get help at all times of day and night – probably saving his or her life. However, the use of mobile phones at inappropriate times for example while driving, in the cinema or in class has brought about some unwanted and unethical consequences. Read more: Uses and Misuses of Mobile Phones Driving while using mobile phones has led to many cases of accidents and car crashes. Multitasking can prove to be quite a task, and not always an easy one – resulting in the driver not being able to concentrate on the road (Rani). Although there are many laws in most countries against talking on phones while controlling a vehicle, there are many of us who take this lightly and break it with ease. The social norms in classrooms have changed with the use of mobile phones. Students are sometimes more pre-occupied with the little screens on their fancy gadgets as opposed to doing what they are actually in school for – to learn (MIT Communications Forum, 2005). 41% of students say that the usage of phones in class to check messages should be allowed and only a 7% feel it is highly inappropriate to use phones in class at all while the teacher is conducting a class (MIT Communications Forum). Next, the MIT Communications Forum also brought up the issue that the usage of cell phones in cinemas, museums, public transports and restaurants has a very thin line between being appropriate and inappropriate. This new culture of talking loudly on the phone in public places disrupts others who come to and particular venue to enjoy a quiet night out or to watch a movie in peace. Although there are no rules in black and white that prohibit the use of cell phones in these places, it comes without saying that these invisible ethical laws ought to be respected and obeyed. In conclusion, we can see how mobile phones have changed our cultures in both good and bad ways. Although these devices have brought people from different parts of the world closer together, it does not mean it has not failed to alienate the people closest to us. As useful as mobile phones are, it is important to use them accordingly and not make them our lifeline to the outside world. Communication consists of verbal and non-verbal cues and this is what makes us feel close to one another, and measures should be taken to ensure this does not stop. Rogers, N. (2008). How mobile phones have affected the art of conversation. Helium. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/1002068-how-mobile-phones-have-affected-the-art-of-conversation Rani, B. (2008). Culture and Social Impact of Mobile Technology. BrightHub. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/computing/windows-platform/articles/15230.aspx Katz, J., & Wang, J. (2005). Cell Phone Culture. MIT Communications Forum. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/cell_phone_culture.htm

Conference and banqueting management Assignment

Conference and banqueting management - Assignment Example The emergence of banqueting and conference sector has resulted in the generation of huge employment in the entire U.K. The scope of hospitality industry in U.K. is very high. It has been recorded that the UK hospitality sector has generated employment for more than 1.6 million people. In Britain the hospitality industries play a crucial role towards the growth of employment as it is the third largest sector that provides employment. Most of the places in UK are also famous tourist spots and this factor attracts many people to the countries. The hotel and banqueting sector has helped to receive foreign capitals from tourists and business owners. It is clear that conference and banqueting companies have great advantages but there are some issues that are affecting the sustainability of the sector in UK. For example, the Venice Carnival has resulted in the increase of the level of pollution in the lagoons and the Adriatic Sea. The traffic and crowd control has increased the expenses of the government drastically. This factor has affected the banqueting business as government has initiated policies to protect the environment and water and reduce the pollution level by imposing some restrictions on people and banqueting businesses. Most of the catering companies act as a third party to the hotels and the restaurants. The catering companies also allow their employees to participate in events organized in hotels or private get-togethers and parties. In the modern world the catering business has received huge attention from people because the catering companies are easy to hire and they are capable of performing high standard service for costumers. Conference and banqueting managers and assistants offer their service to every customer during the progression of events and private functions such as parties, weddings, dinners, business functions, trainings, product launches and presentations. The business organizations prefer to hire the banqueting

Case Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Report - Assignment Example One major factor that has contributed to the emergence of Apple as the global market leader in consumer electronics is a paradigm shift that took the company in a whole new direction (Parr, 1992). The new paradigm is founded on the principle that an organization’s management must focus on two most important facts. Firstly, there is need to focus on finding out what is valuable for customers in terms of the products and services that an organization has to offer (Parr, 1992). Secondly the management has to be involved in the process of creating as well as continuous improvement of the organization’s super system (Parr, 1992). As such, Apple’s management has been effective in all these aspects in terms of bringing the company to a desired future as well as endearing itself to the customers. Therefore, Apple’s SWOT analysis from the case study can be assessed as follows, among the company’s strengths include having a well informed and robust management that has taken a leading role in driving forward the company’s agenda. Similarly, The Company has a huge workforce that is highly skilled and capable of implementing the firm’s strategic plan. On the other hand, the company’s operation has also faced challenges due to the company’s weaknesses, including its expensive products that are often out of reach for most customers. Furthermore, the company’s systems are incompatible with other available systems, making it quite difficult for one to adopt a new system from Apple. Among the company’s opportunities include the growing market share, ability t o maintain an innovative culture and the company’s position as the market leader. Conversely, several threats such as emerging competition and substitute products can also affect the company‘s

Stabilization Wedges in the Organization Assignment

Stabilization Wedges in the Organization - Assignment Example The earth could also encounter increasing sea level from melting cover of ice from the West Antarctic ice and Greenland glaciers and deterioration of the ocean’s thermohaline movement that aids in redistribution of the planet’s high temperature and hot Western Europe. It is possible to reduce the emissions of the carbon dioxide for the next 50 years if people are able to keep these emissions flat. This route is intended to keep carbon dioxide under one thousand two hundred billion tons (ppm). This kind of figure will permit individuals to expect worse consequence of climate change. Maintaining releases flat will need reducing predictable carbon production by about 7 billion tons per annum by two thousand and fifty-five. This will help in maintaining a total of one hundred and seventy-five billion tons of carbon from flowing to the atmosphere (Alley, pp 43). The carbon reserves are collectively known as stabilization triangle. The conformist knowledge has been that only radical new expertise like nuclear fusion can permit such large release cuts. CMI set out to measure the blow that could be made by a collection of accessible technologies organized on a huge Scale. To make sure that the crisis is more understandable it is divided into seven wedges. Each wedge is used to represent how carbon emission can be reduced to so as not to grow to any further tons by the year 2055 (Socolow & Pacala PP 23). The wedges can stand for methods of making energy that has reduced emissions of carbon dioxide. They can also be used to store carbon dioxide at low levels that cannot flow into the atmosphere. A wedge that will reduce emissions can be attained if the fuel efficiency of all the vehicles predictable for 2055 were two times from 30 mpg to 60 mpg.  

Electric Health Record (EHR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electric Health Record (EHR) - Essay Example By using the HER, clinicians are in a position to track the patient’s data over some period of time enabling them to easily identify the patients who are supposed to undergo preventive screening, check on the patient’s progress on parameters like vaccines, readings on blood pressure as well as improving and monitoring of the entire care quality of the patients. Since its introduction, the use of EHR has arguably contributed positively in making record keeping of patients more accurate, easier, more efficient and comprehensive. Since the introduction of EHR more than 40 years ago, the device has met both support and opposition. Most people consider EHR introduction as a controversial adoption in the health sector which raises issues such as excessive involvement by the government and privacy invasion. They regard the device as invading the privacy of patients is inefficient and the storage of records is not secure. Other people believe that this introduction is a signifi cant step in improving healthcare services and processes. Those in support argue that the adoption has ensured better service coordination among healthcare providers and professionals, it is cost effective and offers safer recoding of patients information (Ohno-Machado, 2011). Advantages The use of EHRs in healthcare processes has greatly reduced errors that were characteristic of medical records. The records that were hand written in the past had many human errors as a result of illegibility, misspelling and varying terminologies. EHRs have made it possible for all the health records for patients to be standardized. The EHR introduction has also served as a solution for the problem of loosing paper records. Physical records were prone to destruction by floods, fire and other catastrophes that happen naturally leading to patients and clinicians losing data. By using EHR, the records are stored digitally thus can remain virtually stored forever and for the longest time possible. The device also helps in storing health information which the patients are fond of forgetting after some time such as previous medications, illness and inoculations. By consolidating all the relevant data, health care becomes cost-effective. Paper records that were previously used were stored in different locations thus accessing them was money and time consuming. There are also a significant deficit in the process of exchanging medical information between the physicians that are based in hospitals and the primary care physicians. One of the major benefits of EHRs in the health care is the role the system played in the children hospitalized with asthma. Before the introduction of EHRs, only 4% of the children managed to get the asthma plan of action before they were discharged. Upon implementation, the number significantly increased as more than 58% of the children had the chance to benefit from the asthma action plan before they left the hospital (Hebert, 2008). The use of EHRs has als o been credited for saving lives. This is because it ensures rapid identification of the patient’s risks and an easy access of the medical history of patients, enabling rapid treatment and diagnosis in all situations including emergencies. A good example is the case of patients with heart problems and diabetes who are prone to attacks and collapsing. The device is also useful in accident situations and other trauma cases where the victims involved are not in a position to respond to questions. This was evident in the Hurricane Katrina incident (Ohno-Machado, 2011). Disadvantages Among the main opponents of the EHRs are the groups advocating for privacy rights. Such