Physics Chapter 2 Notes

I noticed that I have not described the rule of F=ma in either the last email or this one. Where would you suggest it be described? Somehow the details of adding forces and balanced forces were missed in the last email and also it did not make perfect sense for me to note. As far as I am concerned the khan academy does not lecture it so I am not too sure in what to do about this. I am assuming finding velocity is the sole purpose of applying the law of conservation of momentum. Is this true? I also would like to note that a graph could not be drawn in some situations again due to me lacking the technology to send photos of handwritten notes.Hence there is sadly no examples of a problem for translational equilibrium and for the force-time graph in which impulse can be identified. I also have referred to explosions as divisions. Is this appropriate? Newton's First Law of Motion: A body will remain at rest or moving with constant velocity unless acted on by an unbalanced force. Example: †¢ Q: while traveling in train if one throws a ball up it lands on his palm though the train is moving. my doubt is that though the ball is detached from motion how does it manage to land on his palm though he is moving along with the train? A: he ball lands on your hand because the ball is, in reality, traveling at the same velocity as the train, you, and everything else on, or part of the train. The ball is not at rest, because assume while the train was accelerating, you were holding the ball. Since you were moving with the train, then the ball is moving at the same velocity you are, and therefore, the same speed the train is moving. Translational Equilibrium: The condition for translational equilibrium is for all the forces acting on a body to be balanced Newtons Second Law of Motion: Momentum is the product of mass and velocity (p = mv).It is measured in kg m /s and is a vector quantity. Impulse is the change in momentum when an object reacts to clashing with an external force (momentum after – momentum before) The rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to the unbalanced force acting on that body and takes place in the same direction. Example: †¢ Q: There is a car with 500 KG mass and constant velocity 50 mph. As the car hits a wall what force will be applied on the wall? as the velocity is constant the acceleration would be zero and substituting in the second law F = 500 x 0 =0 †¢ A: In the first question, the acceleration is not zero.It is zero before the car hits the wall, but when it hits the wall, the car will go from a speed of 50 mph to 0 mph in a very short space of time, which is a big deceleration (acceleration in the other direction), until it's speed is zero. The wall will experience an acceleration away from the car. Hence there is a substantial force. Newtons Third Law of Motion: If body A exerts a force on body B, Body B will exert an equal and opposite force on Body A. Example: †¢ Q: I hav e a pen and I push it with an arbitrary amount of force. The pen will exert the same amount of force on me.So wouldn't the forces cancel? And wouldn't the pen not move at all? †¢ A: The forces are equal, but that does not mean this is no reaction. F=ma says that the reaction on each object (you and the pen) due to equal forces will be based on yours and the pens masses. If you and the pen are of equal mass, you and the pen will receive equal acceleration, just in the opposite directions. In space (no friction), the pen will start to move in one direction and you will start to move in the opposite direction, the speed of each based on the individuals or objects mass. The Law of Conservation of Momentum:Basically, this is just a combination of Newton's 3 laws but is useful when solving problems. For a system of isolated bodies, the total momentum is always the same. When solving problems for impulse and momentum; in a hypothetical situation (in order for this law to apply), where everything in space is isolated from the rest of the universe; momentum before and after are equal and therefore impulse is 0. Hence, pronumerals such as velocity is found by interpreting questions where different bodies may collide or where a body may divide. The area under a force (y-axis) – time (x-axis) graph is equal to the impulse.Work, Energy and Power: These are quantities which help explain what enables one body to push another. †¢ Work:  ° Work = force x distance moved in direction of the force. It is measured in newtonmetres (Nm), which is a joule (J). Work is a scalar quantity.  ° In the cases of the force being non-constant, the formula for work would only apply if the average force is used. Hence, by use of a graphical method, the area under force-distance graph is equal to the work done †¢ Energy:  ° Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy a body has due to its movement. For a body to gain this it has to have work done on it.The amount of work that i s done is equal to the increase in kinetic energy. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mv^2/2  ° Gravitational potential energy (PE) is the energy a body has due to to its position above the Earth. A gain in this is expressed by the formula: mgh  ° loss of KE = gain in PE, gain in KE = loss in PE  ° The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed and it is only changed from one form to another.  ° KE and PE are the two most basic forms of energy. When more complicated systems are learnt, there is a whole variety of different forms of energy in which to do work.Exaples include petrol, gas, electricity, solar and nuclear.  ° Energy, collisions and division: * Elastic collisions are collisions in which both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. * Inelastic collisions are collisions in which not all momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. Therefore, this has many outcomes. * Divisions are always inelastic because without any work and therefore increasing the KE, the segments that seperate after the division would not have any KE and would therefore not be moving. The energy to initiate a division often comes from the chemical energy contained within a body. Power:  ° Power is the work done per unit time. It is measured in J/s, which is a watt (W). Power is also a scalar quantity. †¢ Efficiency:  ° Efficiency = useful work out / work put in. It is not measured in any units and is a scalar quantity.  ° Due to the law of conservation of energy, efficiency can never be greater than 1.  ° The useful work out is found by the unbalanced force on the box.  ° The work put in is found by the work done by the pulling force. Uniform Circular Motion: When describing motion in a circle we often use quatities reffering to the angular rather than the linear quantities.Centripetal acceleration is where the change in velocity of a body is directed towards the centre of a circle in the frame of its motion b eing circular. This is expressed by the formula: a = v^2 /2 Centripetal Force is the force acting on the body towards the centre of the circle. This is expressed by F = mv^2 /r N = kg/m/s^2 F = ma. Force is mass times acceleration. Acceleration is change in velocity over time. Velocity is distance over time. So acceleration is change in distance over time over time, or distance over time squared.

Digestion and Food Essay

Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules so they can pass though the intestinal wall into the bloodstream and be transported throughout the body. There are seven different food groups in a balanced diet which should include Carbohydrate, fat, water, protein, fibre, vitamins and minerals. Although most foods contain these in some shape or form the foods that contain most of one type fall into that category, a chicken fillet for example would fall under the protein category because it contains more protein per hundred grams than any other nutrient. This assignment will explain the systems and processes necessary for the digestion of a Beef sandwich and a chicken Tikka Masala with rice. In the digestion of a beef sandwich containing sliced Beef, bread, butter and a chicken Tikka Masala there are different stages of where food is broken down. Enzymes are added at different times to ensure the food is absorbed properly. Digestion technically starts in the brain. Even before food touches your lips the stomach is already preparing for the food about to be ingested. The ingestion process starts with taking food into the mouth (eating and drinking). The purpose of this is so the food can be cut into smaller pieces and saliva is added before it is swallowed. This is where the first enzymes start work. There are two enzymes found in the saliva of the mouth, salivary amylase and lingual lipase. Amylase breaks down dietary carbohydrates such as monosaccharides, disaccharide sugars and complex polysaccharides (starch). Monosaccharide’s can be easily absorbed into the bloodstream so the others need to be broken down into these before they can be absorbed (Derrickson, Tortora 2006 p906). The salivary amylase starts to break down the polysaccharide starch found in the bread of sandwich and the rice in the chicken Tikka meal while it is being chewed. Once the food has been swallowed it slides down the throat which extends into the esophagus. The smooth muscle, mucus and secretions in the esophagus enable the food to slide down easily into the stomach. At the end of the esophagus is the lower esophageal sphincter which connects to the stomach. The stomach is a j-shaped organ where food is mixed with gastric juices secreted by the lining. The gastric juices consist of water, enzymes and hydrochloric acid to kill any harmful bacteria (Parker 2007 p176). The main enzyme in the stomach is called pepsin which specialises in the break down of protein. Gastric pepsin breaks proteins into polypeptides, pancreatic trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase which change the polypeptides into peptides (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). The proteins in the beef part of the sandwich and chicken part of the Tikka Masala are broken down by theses enzymes in order to extract the essential amino acids found in the peptides so that they can be easily absorbed in the small intestine where the food moves to after the stomach has done its work. The intestinal mucosal peptidases in the small intestine break the peptides down into amino acids allowing this to happen. As the carbohydrate (rice and bread from the two meals) enters the stomach the salivary amylase is deactivated by the ph level. As the food then enters the duodenum which is the first part of the small intestine, another type of amylase is then added from the pancreas which changes the carbohydrates into simple sugars (Parker 2007). The simple sugars are maltose lactose and sucrose. As these are pasted further into the small intestine ‘the enzymes maltase, lactase and sucrase chop maltose, lactose and sucrose into smaller bits, more easily absorbed, which are eventually converted to glucose and absorbed through the intestinal walls into the bloodstream’ (Collins 2007). Once this has happened the glucose is transported to the liver where it can be where it can be stored or distributed to cells throughout the body (Collins 2007). Fats fall under three categories, saturated (mainly found in animal products); Unsaturated (fish, nuts) and Trans fats which are mainly found in vegetable oils and processed foods made from hydrogenated vegetable fats. Fats or lipids as there also known ‘are diverse compounds that are grouped together because they are insoluble in water, but soluble in nonpolar solvents’ (Bailey 2008). This means lipids take longer to digest than carbohydrates and proteins. The fat content of the two meals comes mainly from the butter of the beef sandwich and the cream of the Masala sauce. The Short chain triglycerides found in these are digested by gastric lipase in the stomach. The majority of fat digestion though is done in the small intestine where pancreatic lipase and bile salts are added. The bile salts emulsify fat into droplets which makes them water soluble allowing them to be absorbed more easily. The pancreatic lipase ‘breaks down fats and phospholipids into a mixture of glycerol, short and long-chain fatty acids, and monoglycerides’ (Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins 2005 p224). Small finger like projections on the small intestine called Villi give it a large surface area making it easy for the absorption allowing the fatty acids and monoglycerides to pass through into the blood stream. Nearly all vital nutrients from food are absorbed in the small intestine and the left over waste that passes into the large intestine afterwards is known as the chyme. The chyme descends through three main regions of the large intestine called the caecum, colon and rectum. During this journey sodium, chloride, and water are absorbed through the lining of the colon into the blood making less watery faeces to be excreted out of the anus.

Pros and Cons of Mobile Phones Essay

Mobile phones have become a hot commodity and have turned into a social norm. The introduction of smart phones has affected the way in which mobile phones are used and by whom. Due to mobile media, we are now able to communicate for free, watch movies on our phones, listen to music on the go and be currently updated with the latest news – all this information at the edge of our fingertips. However, this advancement in social media and technology has affected our values and culture, some good and some bad. Researchers and scientists have coined the term Mobilology, which is the study of mobile phones and how they affect human behavior, culture, education and economics. Mobile phones have altered social norms and values, and cultural progression. They have made communication easy by enabling us decreased face to face interaction and meetings. Communication has become more impersonal, which contradicts the very use of communication (Rani, 2008). Children that grow up surrounded by mobile phones will eventually get used to impersonal communication and in the future, might find it hard to deal with simple day to day interaction (Rani). Rani also stated how the Short Messaging Service has redefined communication in a sense that what constitutes for communication these days is a few words typed and sent to one or many recipients without emotion and verbal cues. Aside from making interactions between people less personal, SMS has also affected the written form of English language in which children now use. Mobile phones have also led to the birth of a generation that prefer being alone, glued to their phones and being extremely introverted (Rani, 2008). In our society currently, phones have become such a common device that most people feel exposed and isolated, feeling as if we are no longer able to communicate (Rogers, 2008). The art of conversation has become mobile, making mobile phones the lifeline to the outside world. Waiting and pesky overseas charges no longer apply as with the development of the Internet, there are now many applications that can be downloaded into the mobile phone to allow communication with people from all over the world. Calls and messages can now be sent for free, and all anyone needs is a wi-fi connection, and perhaps some of us treasure this connection more than we do with connections with our friends and family. Mobile technology has paved a pathway to a society that’s always ‘on’ (Rani, 2008). Anyone is easily reachable at any time of day and place through their cell phones. The whole world, with over 7 billion people can connect to one another with just a flick of the finger or the keying in of numbers. Rani also wrote that this tool can come in handy during emergencies, as a person is able to get help at all times of day and night – probably saving his or her life. However, the use of mobile phones at inappropriate times for example while driving, in the cinema or in class has brought about some unwanted and unethical consequences. Read more: Uses and Misuses of Mobile Phones Driving while using mobile phones has led to many cases of accidents and car crashes. Multitasking can prove to be quite a task, and not always an easy one – resulting in the driver not being able to concentrate on the road (Rani). Although there are many laws in most countries against talking on phones while controlling a vehicle, there are many of us who take this lightly and break it with ease. The social norms in classrooms have changed with the use of mobile phones. Students are sometimes more pre-occupied with the little screens on their fancy gadgets as opposed to doing what they are actually in school for – to learn (MIT Communications Forum, 2005). 41% of students say that the usage of phones in class to check messages should be allowed and only a 7% feel it is highly inappropriate to use phones in class at all while the teacher is conducting a class (MIT Communications Forum). Next, the MIT Communications Forum also brought up the issue that the usage of cell phones in cinemas, museums, public transports and restaurants has a very thin line between being appropriate and inappropriate. This new culture of talking loudly on the phone in public places disrupts others who come to and particular venue to enjoy a quiet night out or to watch a movie in peace. Although there are no rules in black and white that prohibit the use of cell phones in these places, it comes without saying that these invisible ethical laws ought to be respected and obeyed. In conclusion, we can see how mobile phones have changed our cultures in both good and bad ways. Although these devices have brought people from different parts of the world closer together, it does not mean it has not failed to alienate the people closest to us. As useful as mobile phones are, it is important to use them accordingly and not make them our lifeline to the outside world. Communication consists of verbal and non-verbal cues and this is what makes us feel close to one another, and measures should be taken to ensure this does not stop. Rogers, N. (2008). How mobile phones have affected the art of conversation. Helium. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/1002068-how-mobile-phones-have-affected-the-art-of-conversation Rani, B. (2008). Culture and Social Impact of Mobile Technology. BrightHub. Retrieved from http://www.brighthub.com/computing/windows-platform/articles/15230.aspx Katz, J., & Wang, J. (2005). Cell Phone Culture. MIT Communications Forum. Retrieved from http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/forums/cell_phone_culture.htm

Conference and banqueting management Assignment

Conference and banqueting management - Assignment Example The emergence of banqueting and conference sector has resulted in the generation of huge employment in the entire U.K. The scope of hospitality industry in U.K. is very high. It has been recorded that the UK hospitality sector has generated employment for more than 1.6 million people. In Britain the hospitality industries play a crucial role towards the growth of employment as it is the third largest sector that provides employment. Most of the places in UK are also famous tourist spots and this factor attracts many people to the countries. The hotel and banqueting sector has helped to receive foreign capitals from tourists and business owners. It is clear that conference and banqueting companies have great advantages but there are some issues that are affecting the sustainability of the sector in UK. For example, the Venice Carnival has resulted in the increase of the level of pollution in the lagoons and the Adriatic Sea. The traffic and crowd control has increased the expenses of the government drastically. This factor has affected the banqueting business as government has initiated policies to protect the environment and water and reduce the pollution level by imposing some restrictions on people and banqueting businesses. Most of the catering companies act as a third party to the hotels and the restaurants. The catering companies also allow their employees to participate in events organized in hotels or private get-togethers and parties. In the modern world the catering business has received huge attention from people because the catering companies are easy to hire and they are capable of performing high standard service for costumers. Conference and banqueting managers and assistants offer their service to every customer during the progression of events and private functions such as parties, weddings, dinners, business functions, trainings, product launches and presentations. The business organizations prefer to hire the banqueting

Case Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Case Report - Assignment Example One major factor that has contributed to the emergence of Apple as the global market leader in consumer electronics is a paradigm shift that took the company in a whole new direction (Parr, 1992). The new paradigm is founded on the principle that an organization’s management must focus on two most important facts. Firstly, there is need to focus on finding out what is valuable for customers in terms of the products and services that an organization has to offer (Parr, 1992). Secondly the management has to be involved in the process of creating as well as continuous improvement of the organization’s super system (Parr, 1992). As such, Apple’s management has been effective in all these aspects in terms of bringing the company to a desired future as well as endearing itself to the customers. Therefore, Apple’s SWOT analysis from the case study can be assessed as follows, among the company’s strengths include having a well informed and robust management that has taken a leading role in driving forward the company’s agenda. Similarly, The Company has a huge workforce that is highly skilled and capable of implementing the firm’s strategic plan. On the other hand, the company’s operation has also faced challenges due to the company’s weaknesses, including its expensive products that are often out of reach for most customers. Furthermore, the company’s systems are incompatible with other available systems, making it quite difficult for one to adopt a new system from Apple. Among the company’s opportunities include the growing market share, ability t o maintain an innovative culture and the company’s position as the market leader. Conversely, several threats such as emerging competition and substitute products can also affect the company‘s

Stabilization Wedges in the Organization Assignment

Stabilization Wedges in the Organization - Assignment Example The earth could also encounter increasing sea level from melting cover of ice from the West Antarctic ice and Greenland glaciers and deterioration of the ocean’s thermohaline movement that aids in redistribution of the planet’s high temperature and hot Western Europe. It is possible to reduce the emissions of the carbon dioxide for the next 50 years if people are able to keep these emissions flat. This route is intended to keep carbon dioxide under one thousand two hundred billion tons (ppm). This kind of figure will permit individuals to expect worse consequence of climate change. Maintaining releases flat will need reducing predictable carbon production by about 7 billion tons per annum by two thousand and fifty-five. This will help in maintaining a total of one hundred and seventy-five billion tons of carbon from flowing to the atmosphere (Alley, pp 43). The carbon reserves are collectively known as stabilization triangle. The conformist knowledge has been that only radical new expertise like nuclear fusion can permit such large release cuts. CMI set out to measure the blow that could be made by a collection of accessible technologies organized on a huge Scale. To make sure that the crisis is more understandable it is divided into seven wedges. Each wedge is used to represent how carbon emission can be reduced to so as not to grow to any further tons by the year 2055 (Socolow & Pacala PP 23). The wedges can stand for methods of making energy that has reduced emissions of carbon dioxide. They can also be used to store carbon dioxide at low levels that cannot flow into the atmosphere. A wedge that will reduce emissions can be attained if the fuel efficiency of all the vehicles predictable for 2055 were two times from 30 mpg to 60 mpg.  

Electric Health Record (EHR) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Electric Health Record (EHR) - Essay Example By using the HER, clinicians are in a position to track the patient’s data over some period of time enabling them to easily identify the patients who are supposed to undergo preventive screening, check on the patient’s progress on parameters like vaccines, readings on blood pressure as well as improving and monitoring of the entire care quality of the patients. Since its introduction, the use of EHR has arguably contributed positively in making record keeping of patients more accurate, easier, more efficient and comprehensive. Since the introduction of EHR more than 40 years ago, the device has met both support and opposition. Most people consider EHR introduction as a controversial adoption in the health sector which raises issues such as excessive involvement by the government and privacy invasion. They regard the device as invading the privacy of patients is inefficient and the storage of records is not secure. Other people believe that this introduction is a signifi cant step in improving healthcare services and processes. Those in support argue that the adoption has ensured better service coordination among healthcare providers and professionals, it is cost effective and offers safer recoding of patients information (Ohno-Machado, 2011). Advantages The use of EHRs in healthcare processes has greatly reduced errors that were characteristic of medical records. The records that were hand written in the past had many human errors as a result of illegibility, misspelling and varying terminologies. EHRs have made it possible for all the health records for patients to be standardized. The EHR introduction has also served as a solution for the problem of loosing paper records. Physical records were prone to destruction by floods, fire and other catastrophes that happen naturally leading to patients and clinicians losing data. By using EHR, the records are stored digitally thus can remain virtually stored forever and for the longest time possible. The device also helps in storing health information which the patients are fond of forgetting after some time such as previous medications, illness and inoculations. By consolidating all the relevant data, health care becomes cost-effective. Paper records that were previously used were stored in different locations thus accessing them was money and time consuming. There are also a significant deficit in the process of exchanging medical information between the physicians that are based in hospitals and the primary care physicians. One of the major benefits of EHRs in the health care is the role the system played in the children hospitalized with asthma. Before the introduction of EHRs, only 4% of the children managed to get the asthma plan of action before they were discharged. Upon implementation, the number significantly increased as more than 58% of the children had the chance to benefit from the asthma action plan before they left the hospital (Hebert, 2008). The use of EHRs has als o been credited for saving lives. This is because it ensures rapid identification of the patient’s risks and an easy access of the medical history of patients, enabling rapid treatment and diagnosis in all situations including emergencies. A good example is the case of patients with heart problems and diabetes who are prone to attacks and collapsing. The device is also useful in accident situations and other trauma cases where the victims involved are not in a position to respond to questions. This was evident in the Hurricane Katrina incident (Ohno-Machado, 2011). Disadvantages Among the main opponents of the EHRs are the groups advocating for privacy rights. Such

Spending city money on a public library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spending city money on a public library - Essay Example It brings people and ideas together. The librarians are as well an important element as they educate people on how to get access to information (Quick et al. 81). A library will offer access to everyone regardless, unlike a club that will only allow certain age bracket or will be accessed by revelers only. A library is an investment in the future of the society because the libraries will offer the programs that can meet the economic needs of a community (Quick et al.67). Thus, it is important for combating the economic downturn. They provide invaluable resources for those seeking jobs as most people can utilize the library to access the internet. Therefore, it helps bridging the gap between the haves and have-nots in matters internet access (Quick et al. 53). This is a very effective service to invest in for public consumption providing positive returns on the investments. Investing in a library is investing in generations of a people. This is because their cognitive ability will be enhanced by the learning they get from this facility. And not to mention, education is power. How successful can a society be with this access to information? It is the best place to invest public

SUPREME COURT CASE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SUPREME COURT CASE - Assignment Example The City of New London, Connecticut sought to force the sale of some private property to be used for an urban redevelopment project. Some of the owners objected to the sale. The city government then proceeded to assert eminent domain powers under the Fifth Amendment, via the Fourteenth Amendment, which explicitly applies the Constitution to the States. Traditionally, â€Å"public use† had been interpreted as things or media the public actually used. In the Kelo case, the City of New London sought to justify the eminent domain seizure because the urban redevelopment project would generate tax revenue for a blighted urban area. The Court sided with the city and allowed the forced sale under the Fifth Amendment. This is a significant case because of the awesome power it bestows on municipal governments. They now have the power to seize property not just for sewers or roadways but also for urban development. To see the potential for corruption is not terribly difficult. A rich rea l estate developer could bribe city officials to force a private property owner to sell his property.

Concepts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Concepts - Research Paper Example Non- verbal communication is beneficial in international business settings. It makes communication brief and effective. Finally, it exemplifies the level of professionalism thereby increasing the level of confidence. On the downside it cannot be used as a public instrument for communication, prevents detailed conversation and not as of much influence as verbal communication. Persuasive communication is more personal, more detailed and effective in sharing information (Fontane et al., 2013). Conversely, it is time consuming, involves emotion which is inappropriate for business and requires a high level of negotiation skills. Collaboration improves the receipt of feedback in an organization and ensures participatory decision making. In opposition, collaborative communication delays the decision making in the organization and is ineffective where a huge number of employees are involved. Non- verbal communication is used in international communication and in business talks with potential clients to increase business opportunities by showing confidence and professionalism (Guffey, 2012). Persuasion communication is used in convincing customers and potential clients to undertake a certain business deal. In summary, collaboration is used in day to day operation of the business in decision making. Fontaine, M., Parise, S., & Miller, D. (2013, June 13). Collaborative environments: A dynamic tool for transforming business processes. Retrieved from

Absalom Absalom by William Faulkner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Absalom Absalom by William Faulkner - Essay Example Mr. Compson clarifies to Quentin that he ought to listen graciously to Rosa's tale because during earlier period the South produced its women into ladies, subsequently the war constructed the ladies into ghosts.Inside Absalom, Absalom!, W. Faulkner plainly criticizes the ethical as well as the moral performances of the American South. The tale of Sutpen appears to be parallel to the account of the South; also Faulkner recommends that they eventually fail for the similar reasons. By constructing its accomplishment and console on the enslavement of a different race, the South is condemned to fail due to the fact that an immoral plan is not sustainable. Both Sutpen along with the South suppose that it is achievable to reserve morality once in a while to follow a larger social objective. Rosa explains to Quentin that the South was condemned to be defeated at the warfare because it was headed by men akin to Sutpen, whom she observes as a deceitful, mean, and controlling person.Mr. Compson 's exploratory portrayal of the early years of Thomas Sutpen in Jefferson presents objectives like to improve the personality of Thomas Sutpen, in order that he becomes less the mono-maniacal devil of Miss Rosa's statement and more of a motivated and captivating human being eager to do everything to accomplish his ends. You may observe through this work that with Rosa's persuasive speaking, her application of strong words as well as the broad range of her expressions appeared to surpass the gender distinction. Exposing what was long reserved in the deepness of her mind through monologue, made her character a tough female. What is prominent is that W. Faulkner conveyed the masculine synchronized with the feminine within her mind by means of talking and words, not through manifestation or appearance. More separated than Miss Rosa, whose connection towards her past is administered by the hurt and treachery she encountered, Mr. Compson merely heard about the tale from his father, who was a General who did not survive through it himself. He has undoubtedly had the leisure to think about and wonder upon the implication of the occurrences surrounding Sutpen's Hundred, and appears mesmerized by them more for the lecture they impart than for anything fundamental towards his own occurrences. While Mr. Compson keeps on going to describe over the following two chapters, it turns out to be increasingly apparent that he trusts in strength like destiny which steers and influences human activities; he does not consider individuals are in charge of their individual destinies. Within the Sutpen tale, he perceives an instance of an enormous and influential man brought down by means of an aggressive fate that had damned him from the very start. Mr. Compson interprets signs of disaster into several of the early episodes of Sutpen's existence. Additionally, he believes that the characters inside the tale knew they were condemned, but sustained to thrash about against fate in any case. The image of Thomas Sutpen which Mr. Compson imparts is one of an unexplained, determined, powerful man resolute to distinguish his will carried throughout. He turns up with nothing and lifts up a palace. He happens to be blamed of stealing from steamboats to fund his very expensive scheme, and concludes by getting married with the daughter of a highly regarded local civilian. Where inside Miss Rosa's narration, Sutpen seemed a bizarre force of malevolence, in Mr. Compson's version his human attributes started to become visible. In Absalom, Absalom, the characters of W. Faulkner enclosed themselves inside a world of

Different Generations Speak Different Languages Essay Example for Free

Different Generations Speak Different Languages Essay Different generations in the same country speak different languages? Sounds impossible, but it is indeed the case. Consider situations in which your mother does not understand what you say to your classmates, situations in which you cannot figure out what your mother refers by a simple abbreviation and situations in which your father cannot reflect your undertone of some words. Different generations speak different languages, causing conflicts and misunderstandings. According to the passage What can words do and cannot do, words have denotative meanings and connotation meanings. Denotative meanings are meanings defined by the dictionary, which cause little misunderstandings. On the other hand, connotative meanings are associated with personal experiences and are likely to cause conflicts. But in the context of communication between different generations, there are both likely to evoke misunderstandings. Some connotative meanings of words are so widely recognized by a certain generation or group of people, that they consider these meanings as denotative meanings. But these meanings are unknown to other groups and are not included in the dictionary. The word, net, for example, may mean a trap made of netting to catch fish or birds or insects in your grandfathers dictionary but means a computer network consisting of a worldwide network of computer networks that use the TCP/IP network protocols to facilitate data transmission and exchange when you talk to your friends meet on the net. From this aspect, language of different generations do differ in the conception of words. Different generations may be confused by denotative meanings, not to mention by connotative meanings. The connotative meaning of a word is the associations and overtones people bring to it. When we hear a word, the thoughts and feelings we have about that word and about the person using it determine what that word ultimately means to us. (What can words do and cannot do,Weaver, Understanding Interpersonal Communication, pp. 230-333 ) Consider the word news perceived by different generations. Your grandfather may reflect news as titles in printed newspaper or radio messages while your father form in his head the television correspondent and you, a teenager thinks of web-sites. These difference in language is brought by the development of social and technology. Words and phrases have their life cycle, there are times when certain words and expressions thrive and time when they die. It is not uncommon that older generations tend to use words, phrases and expressions that are seldom used by younger generation. Moreover, young people have the tendency to make expressions short. For example, instead of saying good morning, they say morning, instead of lots of laughs, they type LOL and so on. So next time when talking to your grandmother, use less abbreviations. Difference languages spoken by different generations giving rise to unavoidable misunderstanding, so bearing in mind that different person has varied perception of words and may not understand what you mean. Dont be bothered to interpret in detail what you mean to be fully understood by other generations.

Impact of Globalisation on Land Use and Food Security

Impact of Globalisation on Land Use and Food Security Discuss the impact of globalisation on land use and food security in developed tropical areas. Globalisation over the past decades has impacted on major fields worldwide. It connects the world through trade, human migration, markets and capital flows and social and political institutions (Lambin Meyfroidt, 2011). With the projected population growth of 9 billion in 2030 (Grau Aide, 2008), the pressure on land use has become a major issue, the main reason being that land is a limited resource. There is no doubt that urbanization and technology breakthrough and population growth have a direct impact on the available land. This essay will argue that the impacts of globalisation have been rather negative, causing mass deforestation and pressure on the available fertile soils and yielding to an increase in abandoned lands which in turn have damaged the biomes of these forests. It will also include some possible solution to the problems caused by globalisation on land use. Globalisation has given rise to massive deforestation all over the planet. According to Lambin and Meyfroidt (2011), the land lost to degradation for the period 2000 to 2030 is predicted to be 30 to 87 Million per hectare, (Mha) and for the same period the total land demand predicted is 303 to 845 Mha. These authors further predict that the existing protected areas will continue to expand at a rate of 0.9 to 2.7 Mha per year while 1 to 2.9 Mha will become unsuitable for cultivation for the same period. Thus the available land for cultivation will be taken up rapidly and forests are bound to be cleared for cultivation in the near future. According to the same authors, deforestation is significantly affected by the spatial dynamics caused by displacement, rebound, cascade and remittance. The effect of these four factors are linked to migration of people, international growing trade and land conversion. Furthermore the change in diet and eating habits of the world growing population has contributed immensely to agricultural expansion (Grau Aide, 2008). A clear example of impact of globalization, deforestation and growing food demand can be seen in Brazil. For the past years, Brazil has been producing soy intensively for the South East Asia (soy boom). This phenomenon has a double effect on the world. The soy boom based partly on transgenic cultivars supplies the world with high quality food thus alleviating the increasing food demand and has a positive outcome for the Brazilian economy, but on the other hand this production has caused immense deforestation and damage of Biosystems in Brazil. The principal area of damage is the Amazon basin (Houghton et al. 1991; Laurance 1998; Lambin et al. 2003) cited by Grau Aide (2008)). Paragraph 2 One solution to cater for the diminishing fertile land would be modern agriculture. Modern agriculture can enhance food productivity and efficient use of fertile soils. Paragraph 3 The other factor contributing to depletion of the fertile soil around the world and to deforestation is the rapidly growing population, the constant increase in food demand and  new eating habits. There is evidence that land use has been highly affected by globalisation causing problems worldwide. This essay has discussed the various aspects of the problems. Both Lambin Meyfroidt (2011) and Grau Aide (2008) agree that efficient land management, technological advancement through new high yield crops and second generation biofuels as well as appropriate investments plans for the restoration of degraded lands are potential solutions to sustain food productivity and efficient land use. Furthermore, with modern agriculture, better policies and collaboration within countries, the available land can still produce enough food for the world while preserving biodiversity and our forests. The fertile lands could be used to cultivate high yield crops while the low productive lands could be used to grow crops for biofuels. Moreover technical knowhow in agriculture could contribute immensely towards research and innovation for the promotion of new plants adapted to grow in marginal and ab andoned lands. In this way, these lands could be restored and the plants cultivated would keep the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide as well as the biodiversity of the area. Reference List: Calum Brown, Dave Murray-Rust, Jasper van Vliet, Shah Jamal Alam,Peter H. Verburg, Mark D. Rounsevell, Experiments in Globalisation, Food Security and Land Use Decision Making, School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9XP, United Kingdom, Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Eric F. Lambin Patrick Meyfroidt, 2011, Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity, School of Earth Sciences and Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305; and Earth and Life Institute, Georges Lemaà ®tre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, University of Louvain, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Grau, HR M Aide 2008,Globalization and land-use transitions in Latin America Ecology and Society 13(2):16. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss2/art16/ Patrick Meyfroidt, Eric F. Lambin (UCL/Stanford) et al., Globalization of land use: Global land use trends, potentially available cropland and paths of commodity crop Expansion, F.R.S.-FNRS Università © catholique de Louvain (UCL), Earth and Life Institute, TECLIM research center, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium Rachael D Garrett, Ximena Rueda Eric F Lambin2013, Globalizations unexpected impact on soybean production in South America: linkages between preferences for non-genetically modified crops, eco-certifications, and land use, Environmental Research Letters, Volume 8, Number 4 Schmitz, C , Biewald, A, Lotze-Campen, H, Popp, A, Dietrich, JP, Bodirsky, B, Krause, M, Weindl, I, 2012, Global Environmental Change-Human And Policy Dimensions, Vol.22(1), pp.189-209

Hydrogen Peroxide Features and Uses

Hydrogen Peroxide Features and Uses Research Booklet The occasional table is an unthinkable game plan of the compound components, requested by their nuclear (number of protons), electron setups, and repeating concoction properties. This requesting indicates intermittent patterns, for example, components with comparative conduct in a similar segment. It additionally indicates four rectangular pieces with some roughly comparable compound properties. When all is said in done, inside one line (period) the components are metals on the left, and non-metals on the privilege. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an exceptionally light blue fluid which seems boring in a weaken arrangement, somewhat more thick than water. It is a powerless corrosive. It has solid oxidizing properties and is in this manner a capable fading operator that is generally utilized for fading paper, yet has additionally discovered use as a disinfectant and as an oxidizer. Hydrogen peroxide as carbamide peroxide is generally utilized for tooth brightening (blanching), both in professionally-and in self-managed items. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a very much recorded segment of living cells. It assumes essential parts in host resistance and oxidative biosynthetic responses. Whats more there is developing confirmation that at low levels, H2O2 additionally works as a flagging specialist, especially in higher life forms. H2O2 has progressively been an essential cell flagging operator in its own particular right, fit for tweaking both contractile and development advancing pathways with additional sweeping impacts. Because of the gathering of hydrogen peroxide in the skin of patients with the depigmentation issue vitiligo, the human epidermis cant have the ordinary limit with regards to autocrine union, transport and debasement of acetylcholine and the muscarinic (m1-m5) and nicotinic flag transduction in keratinocytes and melanocytes. Gathering proof proposes that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) assumes a critical part in growth advancement. Trial information have demonstrated that growth cells deliver high measures of H(2)O(2). The rate of a response can be expanded by including a reasonable impetus. An impetus is a substance which changes the rate of response yet is unaltered toward the finish of the response. Just a little measure of impetus is expected to build the rate of response between a lot of reactants. An impetus is to a specific response: Different impetuses catalyse diverse responses Not all responses have reasonable impetuses The table outlines some basic impetuses utilized as a part of industry and the responses they catalyse. The impact hypothesis clarifies that gas-stage substance responses happen when particles slam into adequate active vitality. The impact hypothesis depends on the Kinetic hypothesis of gasses; accordingly, just managing gas-stage compound responses are managed. Perfect gas suspicions are connected. Moreover, we additionally are expecting: All atoms are going through space in a straight line. All atoms are unbending circles. The responses concerned are between just two atoms. The atoms need to impact. Eventually, the impact hypothesis of gasses gives the rate steady for bimolecular gas-stage responses; it is equivalent to the rate of effective crashes. The rate of effective impacts is corresponding to the part of fruitful crashes duplicated by the general impact recurrence. Substance energy is the investigation of the rates of synthetic responses or how quick responses happen. The essential prerequisite for a response to happen is that the reactant particles (iotas or atoms) must impact and communicate with each other somehow. This is the focal thought of the crash show, which is utilized to clarify many the perceptions made about synthetic energy. Crash hypothesis expresses that the rate of a concoction response is corresponding to the quantity of impacts between reactant atoms. The more regularly reactant atoms impact, the all the more frequently they respond with each other,  quicker the response rate. In all actuality, just a little portion of the crashes are powerful impacts. Compelling impacts are those that outcome in a compound response. Keeping in mind the end goal to create a compelling crash, reactant particles must have some base measure of vitality. This vitality, used to start the response, is known as the initiation vitality. For each specimen of reactant particles there will be some that have this measure of vitality. The bigger the specimen,  the more prominent the quantity of powerful impacts, and the speedier the rate of response. The quantity of particles having enough vitality is subject to the temperature of the reactants. On the off chance that reactant particles dont have the required enactment vitality when they impact, they bob off each other without responding. Some substance responses likewise require that the reactant particles be in a specific introduction to deliver a viable crash. Unless the reactant particles have this introduction when they impact, the crash wont be a compelling one. The response of ozone with nitrogen monoxide is a case of how introduction can be imperative. In 1913, Neils Bohr, an understudy of Rutherfords, produced another model of the iota. He suggested that electrons are masterminded in concentric roundabout circles around the core. This model is designed on the nearby planetary group and is known as the planetary model. The Bohr model can be compressed by the accompanying four standards: Electrons possess just certain circles around the core. Those circles are steady and are called stationary circles. Each circle has a vitality related with it. The circle closest the core has a vitality of E1, the following circle E2, and so forth. Vitality is consumed when an electron bounced from a lower circle to a higher one and vitality is radiated when an electron tumbles from a higher circle to a lower circle. The vitality and recurrence of light radiated or consumed can be figured by utilizing the distinction between the two orbital energies. In 1926 Erwin Schrà ¶dinger, an Austrian physicist, took the Bohr molecule display above and beyond. Schrà ¶dinger utilized scientific conditions to portray the probability of finding an electron in a specific position. This nuclear model is known as the quantum mechanical model of the molecule. Not at all like the Bohr display, the quantum mechanical model does not characterize the correct way of an electron, but instead, predicts the chances of the area of the electron. This model can be depicted as a core encompassed by an electron cloud. Where the cloud is most thick, the likelihood of finding the electron is most noteworthy, and then again, the electron is more averse to be in a less thick territory of the cloud. Hence, this model presented the idea of sub-vitality levels. Until 1932, the molecule was accepted to be made out of a decidedly charged core encompassed by contrarily charged electrons. In 1932, James Chadwick shelled beryllium iotas with alpha particles. An obscure radiation was delivered. Chadwick translated this radiation as being made out of particles with an impartial electrical charge and the rough mass of a proton. This molecule got to be distinctly known as the neutron. With the revelation of the neutron, a satisfactory model of the iota got to be distinctly accessible to scientists. Since 1932, through proceeded with experimentation, numerous extra particles have been found in the molecule. Likewise, new components have been made by besieging existing cores with different subatomic particles. The nuclear hypothesis has been further upgraded by the idea that protons and neutrons are made of much littler units called quarks. The quarks themselves are thus made of vibrating strings of vitality. The hypothesis of the creation of the iota keeps on being a continuous and energizing experience. Science tubes are accessible in a large number of lengths and widths, normally from 10 to 20 mm wide and 50 to 200 mm long. The top regularly includes a flared lip to help spilling out the substance. A science test tube normally has a level base, a round base, or a funnel shaped base. Some test tubes are made to acknowledge a ground glass plug or a screw top. They are frequently furnished with a little ground glass or white coating range close to the top for naming with a pencil.

LATIN AMERICA :: essays research papers

LATIN AMERICA When someone talks about Latin America the first thing that usually comes to head is a beautiful place that is mostly occupied by poor peasant farmers who don’t know much about anything. Maybe the only thing that comes to mind is that its just a nice place to go for vacation, but that is because Latin America is probably unfamiliar to us Americans or we just think we’re to good for them. Whatever the reason being for not knowing much about Latin America is just about to change as well as the way you view Latin America. Latin America is rather large and kind of difficult to pin point since it starts from Mexico’s border with the United States of America all the way to a small island called Tierra del Fuego, but I can tell you that it’s south of the United States. Latin America also includes all of the Caribbean islands where almost all the countries are suffering of hunger and bad leadership. Brazil and Argentina are two of Latin America’s strongest countries because they make up most of the common market where other nations come to trade, buy goods and buy cash crops. There is a lot of fertile land and plantations in Latin America that produce goods such as sugarcanes and tropical fruits. There are places like mountain ranges where people do live, but eventually have to leave because of the conditions so most of those people end up living in the cities and have to find work which is very hard and leads to poverty in the cities. The cities are one of the weirdest places in Latin America simply because of the people and way of life. In the city you can see Lexus parked right next to a donkey and see a millionaire right next to a woman walking barefoot carrying her child and a bucket on her head. These are everyday life occurrences that give you a clue on how things are in Latin America. Human Life is actually put second in Latin America to working and because of this there is lack of educational and future opportunities. That is a reason for so many emigrants in the U.S; people see that there is no hope for their children so they save up money and come on boats that will free them from their depression. Latin America is a dominant Roman Catholic region though Protestants are on the rise.

Slavery in the United States Essay example -- Slavery Essays

Slavery in the United States In the history of the United States nothing has brought more shame to the face of America than the cold, premeditated method of keeping black people in captivity. People from England who migrated to America used many different methods to enslave black people and passed them down through the children. These methods were quite effective, so effective that these â€Å"slaves† were kept in captivity for over two hundred years in this country. It was the rain of terror that kept black people in fear of their lives for so long. The invention of the gun back in the fifth-teenth century was the main reason that these people were able to go to another continent and enslave so many people. These people from Africa were mistreated very badly right from the start both mentally and physically. They were packed very tightly on ships for months at a time chained to each other with no place to go to the bathroom, little water to drink, and hardly anything to eat. As the population constantly increased in the colonies during the 1600’s, so did the demand for slavery especially in the southern colonies where the big plantations were. These plantations were very lucrative since the owners had free manual labor and they could keep all the profit from the crops for themselves. They also had to justify what they were doing to themselves so what they did was tell themselves that these slaves were barbaric and not smart enough to be civilized. These slave owners also owned huge houses in the middle of their plantations and thought of themselves as noblemen. In acuality, it was the slaves who were living nobly while the Europeans were living barbaricly. The Europeans who owned slaves also thought that the sl... ...un power is what created slavery. Keeping the fear in the eyes of the slaves is what kept them working under such poor conditions everyday, while their friends and family could be sold away at any time or place. Learning English and being able to read and write is what educated these men and women. Once they were educated enough, they could secretly plan escape routes to the north and finally get some sympathy for their people which would eventually lead to the Civil War. This war was about right and wrong. There is a moral way to make money and then there is an immoral way to make a living. Slavery is the number one event in our country’s history that has disgraced and put shame to our culture. Even though not everyone owned slaves, one bad apple spoils the bunch. Hopefully people will learn from history, and immoral actions or events like slavery will not take place again.

Chemalite, Inc (B)

Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 1. Record the effects of Chemalite’s 1991 events on the BSE worksheet Cash Flow type (O, I, F) Event Cash A/R 375,000 F P1 (7,500) I P2 P3 (62,500) I (75,000) O P4 230,000 Inventory Patent Cap. Exp. PPE 125,000 7,500 62,500 125,000 7,500 62,500 Notes Pay Paid in Capital RE 500,000 RE Explanation 75,000 75,000 – 500,000 – Balance Sheet O O O O O O I F – T1 T2 T3 T4 T5. 1 T5. 2 T6 T7. 1 T7. 2 O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 Total 23,750) 685,000 69,500 (175,000) (22,500) (350,000) (80,000) (150,000) 50,000 (50,750) (23,750) R&D Expense 754,500 Revenue 175,000 (22,500) Adv. Expense 350,000 (80,000) Admin Expenses 150,000 50,000 (50,000) F (545,000) (25,000) (10,625) O (750) (545,000) (25,000) (10,625) 500,000 Interest Expense Inv. Adjustment Amort. Expense Depr. Expense 113,000 69,500 55,000 100,000 7,500 201,875 – 46,875 Balance Sheet 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Balance Sheet (6/31/91): Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Inventories Total Current Assets Property, Plant, & Equipment Other (Capitalized Start-up Expenses) Patent Total Assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Common Stock Retained earnings Total Liabilities and SE 230,000 75,000 305,000 62,500 7,500 125,000 500,000 500,000 500,000 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Income Statement (For 6 months June 30, 1991): Revenue Costs and Expenses Advertising Administration Manufacturing costs Raw materials R Interest Depreciation Amortization of patent – Net Income – 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Direct Statement of Cash Flows (6 months ended June 30, 1991): Cash provided (used) by operating activities Received from customers Paid for inventory Paid for advertising Paid for manufacturing costs Paid for administration Paid for interest Paid for R expenses Cash provided (used) by investing activities Start-up expenses Purchase of PP (75,000) (75,000) (7,500) (62,500) (70,000) Cash provided (used) by financing activities Cash from stock issuance 75,000 375,000 Increase (decrease) in cash balance Beginning cash balance Ending cash balance 230,000 230,000 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Balance Sheet (December 31, 1991): Assets Cash Accounts Receivable Inventories Total Current Assets Property, Plant, & Equipment Other (Capitalized Start-up Expenses) Patent Total Assets Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity Common Stock Retained earnings Total Liabilities and SE 113,000 69,500 55,000 237,500 201,875 7,500 100,000 546,875 00,000 46,875 546,875 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Income Statement (Six months ended December 31, 1991): Revenue Costs and Expenses Advertising Administration Manufacturing costs Raw materials R&D Interest Depreciation Amortization of patent 754,500 22,500 80,000 350,000 195,000 23,750 750 10,625 25,000 707,625 Net Income 46,875 15. 515 Fall 20 03 Session 1 Problem Set #2: Chemalite Case 3. Direct Statement of Cash Flows (For 6 months ended Dec. 1, 1991): Cash provided (used) by operating activities Received from customers Paid for inventory Paid for advertising Paid for manufacturing costs Paid for administration Paid for interest Paid for R&D expenses Cash provided (used) by investing activities Start-up expenses Purchase of PP&E 685,000 (175,000) (22,500) (350,000) (80,000) (750) (23,750) 33,000 (150,000) (150,000) Cash provided (used) by financing activities Cash from stock issuance – Increase (decrease) in cash balance Beginning cash balance Ending cash balance (117,000) 230,000 113,000 15. 515 Fall 2003 Session 1

HND Business Human resource management Essay

forcefulness circumspection staff polish office precaution is essenti alto conkhery an administrative record- guardianship usage, at the shew aim. force- get out Manage manpowert profession anyy repel a musical modes employees activities for individual divisions for example in Bhs you leave waste a soulal bowl for customer operate. It is assumed that the essences from providing fullice and achieving cogency in the focussing of strength activities pull up stakes result ultimately in achieving faceal mastery. human beings election increment kind-hearted election cargon is guide-to doe with with the Training, publicity girdment and implementation of volume strategies, which argon incorporated with teleph whizz cable television strategies, and guarantees that the culture, set and social structure of the packup, and the theatrical role, incentives and commitment of its let outicles contribute fully to the deed of its goals. forgiving election s Management is foc utilise with carrying such(prenominal) designate as, contrast organisation summary, recruitment and plectron, employee relations, functioning wariness, employee appraisals, compensation management, grooming and training. But, the humans alternatives mode performs these functions in distinct way, when comp atomic number 18d with Personnel management. Personnel management is active the continuance of soulfulnessnel and administrative strategys, compassionate Resources Management is nearly the anticipation of brass instrumental fills, the continual monitor and adjustment of force out systems to meet up-to-the-minute and futurity ask, and the management of change. discrepancys among Personnel management and forgiving Resources managementPersonnel management is more(prenominal) than formforces foc employ, aimed of importly at the concurups employees such as, transcription for them to be paid, and justifying managements stool ons and so on Whereas, benevolent Resources management ismore imagination centered, Personnel Management is fundament tout ensembley an traveling(a) function, interre deeplyed principally with carrying out the mean solar day clock to day mass management activities. art object on the unalike hand, humanity Resources Management is strategical in nature, that is, being concerned with even off away assisting an make-up to gain combative advantage. HRM is a more strategic and proactive form whereas staff office management is a reactive.Human Resources Management has been every showturned as the strategic and logical overture to the management of an organizations most valued.The personnel management has functions which argon conventional and self-opinionated whereas HRM broadcasts with forward- looking foring images and be committed to enforcing better championship conditions. Personnel management has evolved from being an nonsymbiotic function of the go with to h uman recourses management which is an integral part of the ac alliance.20 Points of Difference between Personnel Management & HRD symmetryPersonnel ManagementHuman Resource DevelopmentBeliefs & Assumptions1.ContractCargonful expo reliable of pen contractsAim to go beyond contracts2.RulesImportance of devising clear rules dynamical outlook impatience with rule3. unravel to management dallyionProceduresBusiness need4.Behaviour Referentcustom & recitalValues/Mission5.Managerial chore vis--vis travailMonitoringNurturing6.ConflictinstitutionalisedDe-emphasizedSTRATEGIC ASPECTS7. rudimentary transactionLabour Management node8.Corporate fancyMarginal toCentral to9.Speed of finaleSlowFastLINE heed10.Management RoleTransactionalTransformational leadership11.Key ManagersPersonnel/IR SpecialistsGeneral/ military control/ business enterprise motorcoachs12.CommunicationIn pick out command13.StandardisationHigh (e.g. parity an issue) total-go (e.g. parity non seen as germane(pred icate))14.Prized management skillsNegotiationFacilitationKEY LEVERS15. survival of the consort bear witnessSeparate, b rangeline taskIntegrated, tell task16. even upJob Evaluation (fixed grades)Performance link up17.Labour ManagementCollective dicker contractsTowards individual contracts18.Job categories & gradesM both a some(prenominal)19.CommunicationRestricted flowincrease flow20.Job Design cleavage of LabourTeam perishAC1.2The Role of Human Resource Management in fructifymentsManagers in the Human Resources profession swallow the essential bloodline of organizing people so that they crowd out effectively perform their stemma commentary. Human preferences professionals treat together to develop employees skills. For example, HR professionals intimate private instructors and supervisors how to assign employees to different roles in the organization, thereby championing the organization adapt self-madely to its environment. In a flexible organization, employee s atomic number 18 shifted around to different business functions establish on business priorities and employee preferences. Human resources professionals to a fault suggest strategies for increasing employee commitment to the organization. This begins with utilise the recruiting military operation or matching employees with the indemnify positions according to their qualifications. Human resources management group up suffices a business develop a competitive advantage, which involves building the ability of the high society so it tramp offer a unique habilitate of peachys or modifyments to its customers. They plunder do this by hiring the decently individuals but its non just about hiring giving it is about hold ining people and helping them grow and baulk committed over the long term.The Human resources team has to identify needs of the employees regarding course goals and deed upon them to make the employees feel most-valuable and set offd by providing them with chartering link up to their field of interest. If the employee does non feel their skills be being utilized fully towards do their duties they forget start to underperform referable to escape of need. Human resources duties besides concern discovering and defining the general objectives of the organization, its explosive charge as well as vision. It does non only take on the depict organization requirements but likewise forecasting the future needs and making strategies for filling them. Human resources team is as well as obligated for ensuring the availability fortraining the employees. Human resources management team insure that if the employees ar properly trained and developed, it muckle prove to be the dress hat investment funds made by the company which allow for definitely furnish quality results in future. Human resources team is amenable for selecting the vanquish workforce from the prospective employees by using the recruitment options li ke, face-to-faceized audiences and group hearings struggle etc.Human resources team is trus iirthy for ensuring employee health and safety by immutable to the employee health and safety regulations and managing grievances and ensuring provisions utilitys to keep employees propeld. Human resources team keep a record of the employee profiles and database so that it can be readily operational at the time of recruitment and staffing and in any case ensuring its confidentiality.AC1.3The role of line managers in HR ResourceThe note managers ar managers to whom individual or teams of employees directly report to and who fool responsibility to a steeper level of management for those employees or teams. make Managers be authorized to direct the work of subordinates and are responsible for accomplishing the organizations tasks. Typically the management responsibilities carried out by line managers might imply Employee managementManaging operational beProviding proficient ex pertiseOrganisation of work parcelling and rotasMonitoring work marchesChecking quality traffic with customers/clientsMeasuring operational functioning. aura managers also carry out activities that such as providing coaching and guidance, undertaking deed appraisals and traffic with discipline and grievances. Line Managers are responsible for ensuring that any staffexperiencing exercise difficulties are managed take awayly and working with the employee to identify measures that could be apply to make better mathematical process. Ensuring the staff member has a full understanding of the consequences of not change, Setting realistic and measurable standards of mathematical operation and an action plan incorpo evaluation targets, standards, deadlines. Line managers manage operational functions that are crucial for the companys survival.Line Manager debt instrument1. Ensuring that any staff experiencing murder difficulties are managed appropriately2. Ensuring the staff me mber has a full understanding of the consequences of not improving3. Placing the right employee on the right lineage4. Starting un analyzeed employees in the organization5. Training employees for mull overs that are new to them6. improving the job feat of to each unrivalled person1.4Impact of the legal and regulatory theoretical account on HRMBritish statute laws have usance laws, affecting topics such as employee abominable record checks, pr exampleing offenders from working in reliable professions these legislations are supposed to protect vulnerable people like children or depart unwonted people from obtaining the job.National stripped net income Act was brought into force to view that employees are getting a h wizardst wage in relation to their work. acquit and Hourly rates The national minimum wage establishes the amount of the minimum wage an employee receives per hour. Human resources managers should continuously verify the accuracy of the amount paid to employeesRace Relations Act 1976 Prevents discrimination be induce of race in practice session. The impact this has in the role is a Varity of different cultural hind endgrounds in the work place and this can have a really positive effect if managed effectivelyAnti-discrimination Sex favoritism Act 1975 Protects men and women from discrimination because of sex in the workplace, this legislation is about equal opportunities in the work place across the sexes men and women in the workplace should be treated equally. disability Discrimination Act 1995 Prevents discrimination against people because of disabilities in physical exertion. The impact this Act will have in the workplace would be there would be a few more disabled individuals in the workplace which will benefit the economy.Equal deport Act (1970) Aspect of the Sex Discrimination LawGives the right for men and women to be paid the same rate of pay, for the same, or equivalent, work Gives individuals the right to the sa me pay and benefits as a person of the opposite word sex in the same employment where the man and woman are doing1. akin grade work2. Work rated as equivalent under a job evaluation study3. Work that is turn up to be of equal value ontogeny policiesHuman resources develop policies to make sure that managers and employees are aware of how these legal restrictions and how to deal with authority violationsAC 4.1thither are many terra firmas for enclosure. Employee termination also can be voluntary, when an employee decides to leave a company for few reason. Reasons can include impossible carrying out or as a result of a change in business conditions for example a recession. border with just causeIn law, termination with just cause means that an action or error by the employee has irreparably damaged the employment relationship between theemployer and the employee. Usually, termination with cause occurs when an employee is turn protrude for a serious reason plug ind to the e mployees conduct. in that respect are seven main Examples of misconduct.1. Theft and dishonesty2. Violence3. medicate and alcohol abuse4. Breach of combine5. Insubordination6. Absenteeism7. Misconduct outside of the workplaceSome common grounds used in termination with cause are1. Fraudulence stealing or joke by the employee that is serious enough to sack up sacque from organisation. 2. Noncompliance an employee frequently breaks organisational policies and discipline has not resulted in a change in behaviour 3. incompetence an employee is incompetent at their job and performance has not amend even though the employee has been pillagen the direction, foundations, training and time inevitable to improve.Incompetent Job PerformanceEmployees contracts whitethorn get cut because the person is unable to perform some or all of the necessary aspects of the job. Before acquittance the employer, should point out their deficiencies during a performance evaluation and pass on co unselling to help her improve. If they show atomic or no improvement, deliberate moving them to a more suitable position, if possible.When employees are hired to work for a company, they are given a job description that outlines the duties theyre anticipate to fulfill. When employees fall short in achieving their goals, managers are faced with deciding whether or not an employees performance warrants his termination. Poor performance can include everything from not hitting target sales goals and overlooking drop details to not missing deadlines. Employees whitethorn also be terminated because they lack the go by means ofledge and skills needed to fulfill depute tasks.Business ConditionsUnfavourable business conditions may force you to lay off employees for frugal reasons as opposed to poor performance. The layoff may be permanent, or the employee may be called back to work if business conditions improveMerger/BuyoutA merger or a buy-out usually requires changes at bottom the go withs structure, which might affect employment. Although the employer is not legally necessitate to do so, some employers offer a severance big bucks to employees terminated under these quite a little.Layoffs if there is a lack of work, or the company is undergoing financial problems the company might lay off employees. The employer moldiness ensure the layoff is fair and legal. Employers mustiness give employees advance bank bill of closings and galvanic pile layoffs. This gives the employees and their families time to adjust to loss of employment and to seek alternative support.Unacceptable Behaviours / for causeYou may need to fire an employee collect to unacceptable behaviour actions can include stealing company property, or verbally or physically threatening former(a) employee. The employee may also display a pattern of disrespectful or mutinous behaviour directed toward you or your supervisors that results in a disruption of your work environment.Absenteeism An employee who misses work frequently or is habitually late negatively affects your businesss productivity and can place an unfair agitate on your other workers. Chronic absenteeism could be a sign that the employee is dealing with job dis merriment.Voluntary redundancyIn a voluntary termination, an employee hands in their notice from their job. Reasons for giving ups have that included a new job, returning to full time education, and retirement. If a contract isnt renewedThis is considered to be a emission, and if the employee has 2 socio-economic classs attend to the employer needs to show that theres a reasonable reason for not renewing the contract Workers have the right not to be unfairly dismissed after two stratums handout when your employer ends your employment they dont eer have to give you notice. If youre dismissed, your employer must show they have a sound reason that they can justify and also that they have acted reasonably in the circumstances They must also be consonant not dismiss you for doing something that they permit other employees doFair and unfair outpouringA freeing is fair or unfair depending on the reason for it and how the employer acted during the dismissal process.Constructive dismissalThis is when an employee resigns because youve breached their employment contract. This could be a single serious event or a series of slight serious events. An employee could claim constructive dismissal if youcut their wages without agreementunlawfully demote themallow them to be harassed, bullied or discriminated againstWrongful dismissalThis is where you break the wrong of an employees contract in the dismissal process, eg dismissing someone without giving them proper notice.AC 4.2 describe the employment take procedures used by two organisations The takings procedures of ASDA trample unrivalled, Resignation handed to personnel managermeasure Two Personal manager informs human resources department. quality tether Employee ha s to return the companies possession of equipment and supplies.Human Resources team is responsible for initiating and noticeing done and through and throughwith the exit process. If the leniency is voluntary HRM invites employee to attend an exit interview to roll up education and improve quality of work life at the organization. The subsidiary reason is to provide closure to the separating employee The exit interview Primary Purpose is to hit information to improve employee relations practices fuck developing trends identify areas of weaknessIdentify areas of strengthExit interviews are also used to understand, and try to identify patterns in, reasons for patience they are conducted face -to-face, by telephone, or as a survey. Focus is on reasons for leaving, reflections on the positive and negative aspects of the organization, level of cheer with non-homogeneous aspects of the organization.Processing a Resignation NHS West Midlands tincture one The Line Manager gives notice to the Human Resources department upon receipt of a resignation.Step two the Line Manager recognizes resignation in writing and forwards the garner of resignation to the Human Resources department.Step Three Line Manager forwards tab of employees last working day and details of any other relevant information to the Human Resources department. The Human Resources department prepares a Termination Form on the home of the information provided by the Line Manager and ensures it is forwarded to the Payroll department in time to meet the monthly deadlineStep Four the Human Resources Department writes to the employee go them An exit audience and enclosing an exit Interview Questionnaire for them to Complete in readiness for the interview. The Human Resources Department forwards the Line Manager a confirmation of avail Proforma to complete and return. The completed proforma will be retained on the employees personnel file and will provide the basis for any employment references given by the BoardInterview is conducted by an appropriate member of the Human Resources team. All information collected remains confidential and is stored in line with the Data Protection Act 1998.4.3AC 2.1 analyse the reasons for human resource training in organisationsHuman Resource (HR) grooming is the practice of determining and analyzing the requirement for and supply of workforce in order to achieve the organizations goals and objectives, fulfill its mission and reach its vision (Mathis & Jackson, 2000).Human resource department know that turn over is of paramount of importance to achieving an organizations objective. This part of my subsidisation will discuss the importance of HR planning and the six locomote of HR planning which harp of1. Forecasting2. breed audit,3. HR Resource externalize4. effectuation of jut5. Monitoring6. Control.HR readiness involves gathering information, making objectives, and making decisions to enable the organization achieve its obje ctives types of questions HRM may consider1. How many staff does the Organization have?2. What type of employees as far as skills and abilities does the alliance have?3. How should the Organization best utilize the on hand(predicate) resources?4. How can the Company keep its employees?The most master(prenominal) reason why HR Planning should be managed and implemented is the costs involved. Because costs forms an important part of any Organizations budget. Whenever there are staff shortages, the organization should be in a position to utilize the skills of employees available more readily.HRM planning determines future employment needs by analyzing current business conditions and current trends within the business, for example over the Christmas close most big high street retailers will employ more short term staff because the prerequisite for redeeming(prenominal)s over the Christmas extent. Identifying these trends and planning for them will let the business be in a more po sitive position to be conducting business. HRP is also concerned with employee turnover within the business as management needs the right employees at the right place to make a profit and benefit the organization.(2.2) Steps in HR PlanningForecastingHR Planning requires that we gather data on the Organizational goals objectives. One should understand where the Organization wants to go and how it wants to get to that point. The needs of the employees are derived from the corporate objectives of the Organization. They grim from shorter and medium term objectives Therefore, the HR Plan should have a mechanism to communicate planned Company strategies into planned results and budgets so that these can be converted in terms of numbers and skills required.Inventory afterwards knowing what human resources are required in the Organization, the conterminous step is to take stock of the current employees in the Organization. The HR inventory should not only relate to data concerning number s, ages, but also an analysis of individuals and skills. Skills inventory provides valid information on professional and technical skills and other qualifications provided in the firm. It reveals what skills are immediately available when compared to the forecasted HR requirements.AuditHR inventory calls for show of data the HR audit requires systematic examination and analysis of this data. The Audit looks at what had occurred in the past and at present in terms of labor turn over, age and sex groupings, training costs and absence. Based on this information, one can hence be able to ring what will happen to HR in the future in the Organization.HR resource planHere we look at career Planning and HR plans. mickle are the greatest asserts in any Organization. The Organization is at liberty to develop its staff at full pacing in the way ideally suit to their individual capacities. The main reason is that the Organizations objectives should be aligned as near as possible, or match ed, in order to give optimum celestial orbit for the developing potential of its employees. Therefore, career planning may also be referred to as HR Planning or duration planning.The questions that should concern us area) argon we making use of the available talent we have in the Organization?b) ar employees satisfied with our care of their growth in terms of advancing their career? Actioning of PlanThere are three basic principle necessary for this first step.1) Know where you are going.2) There must be credenza and backing from top management for the planning.3) There must be knowledge of the available resourcesMonitoring and Control.This is the last stage of HR planning in the Organization. Once the plan has been accepted and implementation launched, it has to be controlled. HR department has to make a follow up to see what is happening in terms of the available resources. The idea is to make sure that we make use of all the available talents that are at our disposition fa ilure of which we continue tostruggle to get to the top.2.3 recruitment and pick process.Recruitment is the process of approximating the available vacancies and making suitable arrangements for their pick and appointment. Recruitment is understood as the process of searching for and obtaining applicants for the jobs, from among whom the right people can be selected. The result is a few eligible applicants from which new employees are selected The rest between recruitment and choiceRecruitment is identifying and encouraging potential employees to apply for a job. And Selection is selecting the right candidate from the aggregation of applicants. Goals of selection are to select a candidate that will be successful in performing the tasks and meeting the responsibilities of the position.Selection processSelection process involves a number of steps. The basic ideais to solicit upper limit possible information about thecandidates to turn back their suitability for employment1). bac k of ApplicationsProspective employees have to fill in some crystalise of application forms. These forms have information about the applicants like their achievements, experience.2) Selection try onsSelection tests to know more about the candidates or to reject the candidates who cannot be called for interview.4) Interview The basic idea here is to come about out overall suitability of candidates for the jobs. It also provides opportunity to give relevant information about the organization to the candidates5) Approval by appropriate bureauSuitable candidates are recommended for selection by the selection committee or personnel department. Functional heads concerned may be approving authority. When the approval is received, the candidates are sensible about their selection and asked to report for certificate of indebtedness to specified persons.6) Placement afterward all the formalities are completed, the candidates are primed(p) on their jobs initially on probation period may range from three months to two years. During this period, they are observed keenly, and when they complete this period successfully, they become the permanent employees of the organization.Recruitment and selection process at TataHaving received the applications, the next step is to esteem applicants experience and qualifications and make a selection. Screening part is to adjudicate the application and evanesce applicants whose profiles do not match the job requirements, Short-listing of CVs received from various sources are screened by the HR function within a week of starting time of sourcing activity.Knowledge and aptitude test is conducted for all trainees and laterals recruits. The result of test will be criteria for short listing /screening candidates for the purpose of interview. psychometric Test is done to find out the CRISP fit.While hiring at Tata, they look for the following attributes C Customer FocusR Result preferenceI Initiative and SpeedS Self ConfidenceP fretfulness for achievementInterviewThis is powerful technique used to assess the capabilities/skills of the candidate and to understand the softer aspects that a difficult to measure from resumes. After finalizing a date and time, short-listed candidates are invited for an interviewSelection Process and interviews for Tata motor cars sequence of written/online tests and interviews1) Aptitude Test0-30 proceedingsAptitude Test2) adept Test30-60 MinutesTechnical Written3) Psychometric Test4) Group Discussion5) HR Interview0-30 MinutesHR Interview6) Technical Interview0-30 MinutesTechnical InterviewTechnical subjects to study for written test Theory of Machines, Automobile engineering, swimming Dynamics and Machinery. The Psychometric test questions the test the way you handle situations under different circumstances. Recruitment at AsdaPhase one Applications are registered through Asdas online recruitment system, Asdas HR team then shortlist appropriate candidates for interview or an assessment nerve centre. Two documents are lively here a job description and a personal specification. These inform applicants and help managers select the candidates that best match the requirements for the position.Step two attend the assessment centre kn stimulate as either Asda realism this provides an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their strengths which align to Asdas culture, beliefs and way of working. Step three interviewonce selected, the final part of the recruitment process involves providing appropriate training. At Asda, each new colleague is put into a specific training plan intentional for their role. (2.4)The first build of recruitment at Asda is automated you can upload your curriculum vitae and edit your personal details on line, this way it makes it simper for the recruiters to narrow down the employees they would like. Asdas online recruitment process has improved the speed and efficiency of recruitment, making applications easier for cand idates and selection faster for management. On the second phase is really about meeting your potential employer and selling your skills and experience to see if you could fit in with the organisations overall vision.The recruitment and selection at Tata is far more compound than that at Asda this is because of the more highly consummate aspects of the work. Phase one is based on receiving applications for the vacant position. Phase two evaluate applicants experience and qualifications and make a selection. Screening purpose is to evaluate the application and eliminate applicants, whose profiles do not match the job requirements, Phase three are tests to test the competence of potential employees theses test consist of technical and written aspects Phase quadruple is the Human resources interview and phase quin is the technical interview.L03Appraisals and gets system at Tata Motors are based on key results area. There are reviews at regular intervals, promotions are based on per formance, and productivity and rewards comes in the form of profit linked incentives schemes. ordained appraisals can affect your career thoroughfare with fast track options for high performers and interviews for positions higher(prenominal) up managers positions. Tata motor company employees have appraisals twice a year whereby employees get feedback which gives them a come across to look at their approach of working, The necessary steps are also undertaken for employees who deviate from their goalsTata motors have introduced a comprehensive system of quarterly appraisals whereby each employee selects their own key results areas or goals and every quarter they have the chance to go back and asses their own performance against the parameters. For many front line employees these performance related quarterly payouts designed to reward them with incentives for their performance. Tata Motors have midterm reviews for all employees that have had positive appraisals creating an expec tation of a remuneration rise twice a year if they perform well. At Tata employees and supervisors can set up joint participations goals this method often leads to employee commitment along with smart goals precise precise and detailedMeasurable with criteria for determing advancement and success Achievable attainable hardheaded RelevantTime related Grounded in a time frameThis system is commonly known as 90 percentage point appraisal system. Performance rating Process at Tata MotorsExceptional indorserSignificant contributorPerforms consistently and substancly above all exceptions in all areas Performs exceptionally well in all areas.Achieves a final score of greater than or equal to 115%Achieves final score between 100-114%Consistently delivers on pass targetsVersatile in their areaproactiveLittle or no directionSpots and anticipates problems, implements solutionsSets examples for othersSees and exploits opportunities.Take ownership of own developmentDelivers ahead o f timeCoaches otherSees wider impact across businessDemonstrates business initiativeFocuses on whats favorable for the businessSelf motivatedHerzberg want theoryFrederick Herzberg in 1966 came up with a theory that job motivators were closely attached to job And the motivators appeared to arrive at motivated behavior whereas hygiene factors produced dissatisfaction From the way Tata motors conducts its appraisals and gives incentives I can see they severely believe in some key points Herzberg mentioned in 1966 regarding performance, recognition, advancement and growth, giving employees with good appraisal reports promotions and pay rises will motivate employees and lead to extreme job satisfaction Factors direct to extreme dissatisfactionHygiene FactorsFactors leading to extreme satisfactionMotivatorsCompany-policy & administrationAchievementSupervisionRecognitionRelationship with supervisorWork itselfWork conditionsResponsibility honorariumAdvancementRelationship with peersG rowthPersonal lifeRelationship with subordinatesStatus earnestAsda used 360 degree feedbacks for appraisal in this process employees are assessed based personal and professional skill sets, customer service and multitasking skills to see if they can perform fourfold tasks under pressure. For slightly senior employees they consider coaching skills to be an essential part of leadership skills. In this process they pass judgment how a person can train the subordinates. Apart from that it also judges the counsellor skills of the people that help them in point the subordinates in expanding responsibility and capacity and doom work according to their individual potential. Asda has redesigned 360 degree design to develop the employee performance through the process like Individual bonus, programThe individual bonus factor is used to promote the best employee from their performance. This process aims the organisational objectives through the employee performance. As the Result of this process, the employee survey conducted in ASDA that shows the individual bonus process will be a great success through the high level of employee commitments and improvements through the self-motivation.In 1911 the engineer Frederick Taylor published one of the earliest motivational theories. According to Taylors research, people worked purely for money this approach of paying workers by results was good for the business. The outcome was greater production but gave little opportunity, encouragement or time for employees to think for themselves or be creative in what they did. This limited peoples development and their use within the company equal recognitionPeer recognition is the upstart performance appraisal process also includes in the 360 degree process. This process is to award and acknowledge an individual for their outstanding performance in the company. This would be could be more non-financial factors based which can motivate employees to improve their output. One such fa ctor may be the desire to serve people others may be to improve personal skills or achieve promotion. Employeesare more motivated if they feel content in their work. This often happens when their employer creates a good working environment where employees feel valued, generally through increased communication and being asked for their opinions. Employee motivation is also likely to be higher if the organisation invests in its staff through training and development. In turn this enhances their knowledge, skills and their intellect of job satisfaction. Positive and negative financial backing plays a vital role in motivation in the work place in the form of 1. Praise for good work2. Encouragement3. Constructive criticismThe organisations leader should always communicate the organisations culture, values and beliefs to the group members. Performance feed backTeam leaders should constantly provide feedback to members on 1. How they are doing in their task and in the team2. How results are progressing in comparison to plans and standards set out for them melt down back is essential both for motivational and for learning and development to adjust performance and bring it back in line where necessary to the original plan. The manager should motivate his or her team, both individually and jointly so that a productive work place is maintained and developed and at the same time employees derive satisfaction from their jobs. .ReferencesPhillip, Harris. Managing the Knowledge Culture. Human Resource Development Press, March 2005.Johnston, John. Time to Rebuild Human Resources. Business Quarterly. Winter 1996.Mathis, Robert L., and John H. Jackson. Human Resource Management. Thomson South-Western, 2005Ulrich, Dave. Delivering Results A New mandatary for HR Professionals. HarvardBusiness School Press, 1998.Gary, Dessler. Human resource management, Eleventh fluctuation 2005Subba, rao. Essentials of HR Management and Industrial Relations, Fourth Edition 2007