The Great Depression Essay Example for Free

The capacious Depression EssayThe Great Depression (1929-39) was the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world. In the United States, the Great Depression began soon after the stock market crash of October 1929, which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors. everywhere the next several years, consumer expense and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the countrys commits had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World state of war II kicked American industry into high gear. Historical Importan ce of the Great Depression The Great Depression, an immense tragedy that placed millions of Americans out of work, was the beginning of organisation involvement in the economy and in society as a whole. Dates 1929 early 1940s Overview of the Great DepressionThe Stock market place Crash by and by nearly a decade of optimism and prosperity, the United States was thrown into despair on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929, the day the stock market crashed and the official beginning of the Great Depression. As stock prices plummeted with no hope of recovery, panic struck. Masses and masses of people tried to sell their stock, but no one was buying. The stock market, which had appeared to be the surest bureau to aim rich, quickly became the path to bankruptcy. And yet, the Stock Market Crash was just the beginning.Since many banks had also invested large portions of their clients savings in the stock market, these banks were forced to mean when the stock market crashed. Seeing a few ba nks close caused another panic across the country. Afraid they would lose their own savings, people rushed to banks that were bland open to withdraw their money. This massive withdrawal of cash caused additional banks to close. Since there was no way for a banks clients to recover any of their savings once the bank had closed, those who didnt reach the bank in time also became bankrupt.Businesses and industry were also affected. Having lost much of their own capital in either the Stock Market Crash or the bank closures, many businesses started cutting back their workers hours or wages. In turn, consumers began to curb their spending, refraining from purchasing such things as luxury goods. This lack of consumer spending caused additional businesses to cut back wages or, more drastically, to lay off some of their workers. Some businesses couldnt stay open even with these cuts and soon closed their doors, leave all their workers unemployed.The Dust Bowl In previous depressions, farm ers were usually safe from the severe effects of a depression because they could at least feed themselves. Unfortunately, during the Great Depression, the Great Plains were hit hard with both a drought and horrendous dust storms. Years and years of overgrazing combined with the effects of a drought caused the spy to disappear. With just topsoil exposed, high winds picked up the loose dirt and whirled it for miles. The dust storms destroyed everything in their paths, leaving farmers without their crops. Small farmers were hit especially hard.Even forwards the dust storms hit, the invention of the tractor drastically cut the need for manpower on farms. These small farmers were usually already in debt, borrowing money for seed and paying(a) it back when their crops came in. When the dust storms damaged the crops, not only could the small farmer not feed himself and his family, he could not pay back his debt. Banks would then forbid on the small farms and the farmers family would be both homeless and unemployed. Riding the Rails During the Great Depression, millions of people were out of work across the United States.Unable to come upon another job locally, many unemployed people hit the road, traveling from place to place, hoping to find some work. A few of these people had cars, but close to hitchhiked or rode the rails. A large portion of the people who rode the rails were teenagers, but there were also older men, women, and entire families who traveled in this manner. They would board freight trains and crisscross the country, hoping to find a job in one of the towns along the way. When there was a job opening, there were often literally a k people applying for the same job.Those who werent lucky enough to get the job would perhaps stay in a shantytown (know as hoovervilles) outside of town. Housing in the shantytown was build out of any material that could be found freely, deal driftwood, cardboard, or even newspapers. The farmers who had lost thei r homes and land usually headed west to California, where they heard rumors of agricultural jobs. Unfortunately, although there was some seasonal work, the conditions for these families were transient and hostile.Since many of these farmers came from Oklahoma and Arkansas, they were called the derogatory names of Okies and Arkies. (The stories of these migrants to California were immortalized in the fictional book, The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck. ) Roosevelt and the New skunk The U. S. economy broke down and entered the Great Depression during the presidency of Herbert Hoover. Although President Hoover repeatedly spoke of optimism, the people blamed him for the Great Depression.Just as the shantytowns were named Hoovervilles after him, newspapers became known as Hoover blankets, pockets of pants turned inside out (to show they were empty) were called Hoover flags, and broken-down cars pulled by horses were known as Hoover wagons. During the 1932 presidential election, Hoover did not stand a chance at reelection and Franklin D. Roosevelt won in a landslide. People of the United States had high hopes that President Roosevelt would be able to solve all their woes. As soon as Roosevelt took office, he closed all the banks and only let them reopen once they were stabilized. Next, Roosevelt began to establish programs that became known as the New Deal. These New Deal programs were most commonly known by their initials, which reminded some people of alphabet soup.Some of these programs were aimed at helping farmers, like the AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration). The End of the Great Depression To many at the time, President Roosevelt was a hero. They believed that he cared deeply for the common man and that he was doing his trounce to end the Great Depression. Looking back, however, it is uncertain as to how much Roosevelts New Deal programs helped to end the Great Depression. By all accounts, the New Deal programs sticking out(p) the hardships of t he Great Depression however, the U. S. economy was still extremely bad by the end of the 1930s.The major turn-around for the U. S. economy occurred after the bombing of Pearl Harbor and the portal of the United States into World War II. Once the U. S. was involved in the war, both people and industry became essential to the war effort. Weapons, artillery, ships, and airplanes were needed quickly. Men were trained to become soldiers and the women were kept on the homefront to keep the factories going. Food needed to be grown for both the homefront and to send overseas. It was ultimately the entrance of the U. S. into World War II that terminate the Great Depression in the United States.

The opening sequence of the Simpsons Essay Example for Free

The opening sequence of the Simp countersigns EssayAnalyse the opening sequence of the Simpsons. How does the opening sequence appeal to a variety of age groups? Is this a successful title sequence?Matt Groening changed television forever when he brought animation back to primetime with this immortal nuclear family. It was first screened on 14th January 1990 and it has shape one of the worlds most famous animated cartoon as it al focal points captured a regular audience of 24 million each week.It has overly established itself as an award-winning international pop culture phenomenon. It is the longest-running sitcom of all time and it is also one of the most literate television programs on the business. It contains many references to stem matter and scholars from various academic fields.It also contains over a hundred instances of mathematic ranging from arithmetic to geometry to calculus. Most episodes of The Simpsons contain significant math that relates to material we nor mally persist in in our classes. The programmer is also an ideal source of fun.The show is funny with bad language and offensive things At the opening sequence the Simpsons appear break of clouds, and therefore it shows us bulls eye in the Nuclear Power Plant and after that throws the little piece of fuel out of the car on his way home.Secondly it shows us Bart writing on the skating room and when bill rings he jumps out of the cultivate skating on air and then crosses the traffic.Thirdly it shows us the m opposite, Marge Simpson doing her shopping and it also shows us that Maggie got scanned. After that Lisa Simpson comes up in her unison class playing her saxophone and also she got kicked out of the class. The sequence ends in a funny way as the whole family sets on sofa pick uping T.V.The town of capital of Illinois is full of places that the Simpsons family go and which most of the scenes occur.The Nuclear Power Plant is where Homer Simpson works in as the safety inspect or.The school where Bart Simpson does his detention and writes silly quotes on the board with the chalk, For example No one wants to hear about my sciatica,I cant see dead people, I did non win the Nobel Fart Prize, I ease up neither been there nor done that, etcThe music store is where Lisa goes and looks for some music equipment as she is fascinated by music equipments and musicians. She is also in the school music team and a saxophonist.T.V store in which Bart same(p) to miss around as he is known as a naughty sonThe shopping centre which Marge Simpson goes with Maggie does her shopping for her family and buys foodWe learn that Homer works in a nuclear power station in which he makes radioactive metals. He drops it while he was on his way home which means that he is careless and stupid He nearly got ran over by a car which means he is clumsy and got a slow reflex action. We also learn that he is a slacker who is completely straight-out for his job. We also learn that he is a pig when it comes to foodMarge Simpson doesnt appear a lot in the opening sequence as she nevertheless appears twice. First time is when she was shopping with little Maggie and funnily Maggie got scanned. The second time she appeared was when the whole family gathered around the sofa to watch T.V. which means that she is a beneficial mother and she is looking after her familys needs.Bart Simpson is simply a rule breaker, he unceasingly gets in trouble and he stays at school to do detention and he writes some silly words on the board, e.g. I will non encourage others to fly, I will not sidestep my way through life, I will not sell my kidney on eBay. He also appears when he was skating, and when he crossed the street and almost got produce by a car. He is a poor student who enjoys comic books and television and hates girls.Lisa Simpson only appeared once when she was playing her saxophone in the band and she didnt sweep up the notice and so she got sent off. So she is kind of a role breaker as well but she is not as bad as her brother She can be described as an excellent student who is completely the opposite of Bart except they both enjoy violent cartoons.The cartoon shows the family invariably gets in little arguments. It also shows that its impossible to be good all the time. E.g. when theyre eating at home they use no table address and when they go to church they try to be like normal families. There are also times in the show when they change from comedy and confuse a meaningful message about family values, or friendship, etc..There are also some funny situations where they cant take the correct action at the beginning of the problem but they manage to get through it by the end of the show. here is a little description of each character of the Simpsons familyHomer Simpson is a man who can only be described in one word overachieving. For a man with no brain, athletic, logical, social, or any other kind of skills, he has done a lot, including having three successful kids, a loving wife, and a steady job as the safety inspector at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant. He is also an alcoholicMarge Simpson is the glue that holds the Simpsons together. Without her continuous cleaning, scrubbing, mopping, the family would fall apart. Marge is always there to keep her keep up in check, motivate Bart, cheer up Lisa, and just keep Maggiesatisfied. She is very proud of her husband and she also has strong relations with her sisters.Bart Simpson is, first and foremost, a rebel. He is well-known across the city as a troublemaker and an underachiever, calling in prank calls, working in burlesque houses, etcHowever he got a sense of humour as he always cracking jokes and always up for an adventure.Lisa Simpson is straight student, a brilliant saxophonist, and an amateur philosopher. She is full of keen thoughts and talents. She is always happy with herself. She is only 8 however she cant wait for collage.Maggie Simpson is a silent staple i n the Simpsons family. She is always seen with the family, never speaking, but always secretly thinking.Bart Simpson writes on the blackboard. The writing changes every title sequence and it actually shows us what Bart does in his everyday life. E.g. I will not sell my kidney on e-bay, this quote tells us that Bart tried to sell his kidney on the Internet. The opening sequence also tells us that Bart is usually misunderstood. falsely pegged as an underachiever and troublemaker as he is always in detention. It also tells us that he is careless and doesnt care about his life or doesnt look out for dangerous things such as when he crossed the road and almost got hit by a car, this is also tells us that he is a bit stupidHomer Simpson was doing his little experiment on the Nuclear Power Plant with the radioactive piece of fuel and then it went in his hood and then he throws it out of the car. This tells us that he only cares about food because when teatime came he left his job in a hur ry and that piece of fuel went in his hood and then he didnt recognise that it was a radioactive thing when he threw it out of the car window which tells us that he is very careless.We also saw Lisa in the music class playing her saxophone and she the teacher sent her out because she didnt follow the note and went on playing her own note, the funny bit was when she kept on playing with the saxophone after the teacher sent her off. It sounded like she was just severe to get the teachers off. Another funny situation when Marge Simpson was shopping and Maggie wondered off and got scanned by the machine and then she suddenly appeared at one of the bags on the trolley. And at last when the whole family sat on the sofa watching T.V which shows us how beta T.V is in their life. Its also funny when they were rushing to sit on the sofa and then they crashed and fell on the floorI think the opening sequence suits every age-group. E.g. when Bart Simpson was in detention and he was writing his quotes on the blackboard I will not sell my kidney on eBay, they are laughing at me, not with me, garlic gum is not funny, I will not Xerox my butt, I will not do that thing with my tongue all these things appeal to the teen-agers in which it grabs the people in my age group to watch The Simpsons. Another example, little kids like 3-6 years old might like Maggie Simpson as she does some funny moves, like when she wandered of her mum, or when she feeds the dog. She also wandered the town of Springfield all by herself, and shes shot Springfields richest man because he attempted to steal her lollipop She also tries to walk without falling which the younger kids might like to see.Here comes the most interesting part of all, the Simpson cartoon was also very successful in grabbing the eldest attention. The Simpsons makes the family sit on the sofa together watching the Simpson which seldom happens in our lives as older people usually watch shows and films which younger children dont see. and they dont watch cartoons either. However Matt Groening had the ability to make a cartoon which parents like to watch. Families and older people like to watch the Simpsons because it discusses problems in our lives sometimes and it shows us the argument between the family and how they solve it.It also shows us the father telling something to his son like giving him advice he is also very funny and sometimes cracks jokes and acts funnily. Also Mr. Groening was successful to make something to show that the mothers always play the most important part in the family. Therefore he created the perfect character of all, the mother, Marge Simpson she is like the glue that holds the Simpsons together. Without her constant cleaning, scrubbing, mopping, and gentle nagging the family would fall apart. Marge always keeps her husband in check, motivate Bart, cheer up Lisa or keep Maggi satisfied. She stands up against cartoon violence and she can also be trusted in taking ethical decisions .

Rolls Royces Strategic And Business Management Management Essay

Rolls Royces Strategic And Business Management Management EssayRolls-Royce is founded in 1906 by Frederick Henry Royce and Charles Stewart Rolls (Pugh, Peter, 2001).Headquartered in London. As a diversified come with, Rolls-Royce operates in quartette global markets namely polite aerospace, self-renunciation aerospace, marine and energy-in each of which it is among the worlds eyeshade three competitors. The company has manufacturing sites or service centers located in 50 countries around the world.Rolls-Royce produces both commercial and military engines civil and demurrer aerospace line enterprise for a broad customer base, including more than 650 airlines, 4,000 corporate and utility aircraft and helicopter operators, and 160 armed forces around the world. Rolls-Royce also supplies power generation systems to the oil and gas persistence and is one of the worlds largest makers of marine propulsion systems. It maintains key operations in North America, Europe, and Asia, with emerging presence in the Middle East (Nancy Daniels, 2001).Rolls-Royces revenue for the year 2009 was 10,414 million, in spades high-pitcheder than the figure for 2008, which is 9,082 million. In 2009, 44% of Rolls-Royces revenue came from civil aerospace, while defense aerospace, marine and energy each accounted for 20%, 26%, 10% (Rolls-Royce, 2009).2. analysis of the Current Business Environment Affecting the Industry2.1 Macro-Environmental AnalysisThe PESTLE analysis (appendix A) details the main macro-environmental trends affecting the aviation industry. Of these, the scotch crisis is the most imperativeness current issue but in the longer term, technological advancements remain central to the industrys progression. More international cultural exchange will accelerate the emergence of aviation industry, and the growth in developing countries needs more energy and a range of products serviced by Rolls-Royce.2.2 Micro-Environmental AnalysisPorters Five Forces analysis (appen dix B) indicates that the threat of exchange in the aviation industry is fairly low. Limited to the technologies and standards, the airline company tin open fire only get the suitable parts from the original corporation which supplied the products. terror of entry is quite low because the aviation industry needs the latest scientific and technological achievements and long-term technology accumulation as healthy as a lot of money and human resources, so the potential competitors are hard to entry.Suppliers are hard to influence the aviation industry, for the reason that wide corporations such as General Electric (GE) and Rolls-Royce possess the key technologies, while the suppliers are so many that can be easily replaced.The power of buyers has increased sensibly due to ease of switching, transparency of costs. precisely they dont have many choices but only three.Overall, competitive rivalry within the aviation industry is very high due to the presence of General Electric ( GE) and Pratt Whitney (PW), rapid technological change and intense products and services competition.2.3 Main Opportunities and ThreatsThe main opportunity is the increasing business in the spirt aircraft market and growing aerospace and defense market as nearly as Rolls-Royces Strategic alliances and dedicatements.The most prominent threat currently faced by the industry is the economic crisis. Based on a survey of randomly selected flight departments about their expected use and purchase plans over the coterminous basketball team years, market forecasters believe Europe will remain a major source of demand for business aircraft, and orders will reach record levels in the next five years. While most of Europe entered recession about a year later than the America, European orders are expected to recover once economic growth resumes (Ian Goold, 2010).The challenge of climate change will present a range of exciting opportunities for Rolls-Royce. Many customers will potentially co nsider investing in new technology earlier in order to minimize emissions. Equally there is likely to be a lot of interest in incoming low carbon technologies as well as alternative energy sources (Rolls-Royce, 2009). And as manufacturing employment has declined in Britain, there has been less reason for the best and b flopest to orbit the put ins that manufacturing demands. Rolls-Royce exe egressives say that the pool of experienced engineers, process managers and skilled workers from which the company can recruit is shrinking (The Economist, 2009). Any company engaged in global business should be aware of the risks of currency fluctuations. In such an economic environment, the exchange rate fluctuations can affect Rolls-Royces earnings and value. They are fully exposed to what is cognise as an exchange risk.3. Analysis of Rolls-Royces Strategic Capabilities3.1 How the various market trends have affected Rolls-Royce plcAnd after 1987 the various market trends are as followingRo lls-Royce was pull through by being nationalised by a Conservative government when the firm reached its nadir in 1971. Margaret Thatcher privatised it in 1987, when Rolls-Royces engines were then used by only a handful of airlines. There was a trend that the engine market would be dominated by GE and Pratt Whitney. After that, the core of the firms strategy had been to increase the egress of its engines powering the worlds civil jets.There was a trend that defence spending would be reduced after 1987, which was the edge of the end of cold war. Growth in civil business was doubly important because Rolls-Royce was badly hit by the fall of the Soviet Union-at which time defence accounted for 60% of its revenues (The Economist, 2005). Government began to reduce defence spending, frankincense Rolls-Royce got less orders from the military. Worse for the firm, British Airways, which was Rolls-Royces old customer, equipped its new Boeing 777 wide-body planes with GE engines (The Economis t, 2005). From then on, Rolls-Royce tried its best to get its engines on the wings of big airlines around the world.The British government used to be Rolls-Royces biggest customer, buying its jet engines for Royal Air Force planes and its nuclear power plants for Royal Navy submarines. But nowadays America (the biggest defense market by far) is its biggest defense customer, using its jet engines on todays jump-jet aircraft and planning to do so on the Lockheed Martin F-35 fighter, which promises to be the subject of the biggest contract in military history (The Economist, 2005). Nowadays America and British are facing the threat of international terrorist organizations, so the market is still promising.With the development of the worlds emerging economies, the world needs ever more tankers to transport oil and gas over long distances, and demand is growing for economical but dynamic marine gas turbines to drive them, in place of the diesel-electric hybrid motors that have dominated until now.3.2 Rolls-Royces development strategiesAccording to these various market trends, Rolls-Royce increased the effect of its engines to civil jet, and bought copper in order to push oil and gas along pipelines. In order to expand American market make do, Rolls-Royce bought Allison. With over 80 per centof global commercial shipbuilding taking place in Asia, Rolls-Royce recently relocated its global headquarters for the Marine business to Singapore, bringing the meeting closer to the customer base. The company had already placed its Global Headquarters for Marine Services and the regional headquarters for the Commercial Marine business practical application Asia, the Middle East, India and Australia in Singapore. The operations also house one of Rolls-Royces global repairs and overhaul service centers. Rolls-Royce stands out as well for being the only company to offer an expanded OEM warranty (Rolls-Royce, 2009).As the expansion of the new markets and the use of new engi ne, Rolls-Royce has sold more services together with their products.Ansoff product/ market intercellular substanceProductCurrent newCurrent acumen product developmentMarketNew market development diversificationThe theory of the AnsoffsProduct penetration refers to current product for current market.Aircraft enginesAutomation and control equipmentDiesel and gas turbine enginesElectric propulsion systemsEngine support servicesFuel cellsGeneratorsOffshore cut equipmentOverhaul and repair servicesTechnical publicationsTraining(Hoovers, Inc., 2009)Product development -it means new product for current market.Diesel and gas turbine engines providing a transgress serviceMarket development it means current product for new market.Marine motorsFuel cellsEngine support services Expanding American market shareDiversification-It means new products for new market.Such as jet engines3.3 How the main competitive advantage have been built upCompetitive advantage refers to pattern which enables a company to operate in a more efficient or otherwise higher-quality manner than the companies it competes with, and which results in benefits accruing to that company.After 1987 Rolls-Royce focused on quadruple sectors which are civil, military, and marine as well as energy, and the firm continued its expenditure on investment and RD, it provides new products and new technologies.Rolls-Royces competitive advantage primarily focuses on core markets and core technology. We can see that, for the past decades years, the core strategy of the company has been to focuses on the four chosen markets namely civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy, now each of them are the top three in the world. Meanwhile, Rolls-Royce has increased the number of its engines powering the worlds civil jets, and the whole firm mainly makes all variety show of engines, which accounts the majority of their revenue.3.4 Evaluate the companys use of acquisitionsAcquisitions means acquiring control of a corporation, called a target, by stock purchase or exchange, either hostile or friendly, also called takeover.After 1987 Rolls-Royce had several acquisitions as a method of strategic growth as following(1) In 1996 Rolls-Royce bought Allison, its an American maker of small jet engines, mostly for corporate jets. This gave Rolls-Royce a significant presence in America-essential for any firm seeking to increase sales to the Pentagon (The Economist, 2005). From then on, American graduallyreplaced Britain as Rolls-Royces largest market.(2) In 1999 the company bought Vickers, a struggling arms-and-marine business. This acquisition took Rolls-Royce into the business of marine propulsion systems for warships.(3)In the same year Rolls-Royce bought Coopers, another specialist company, as the short cut in compressors with gas turbines in order to push oil and gas, which was very good for Rolls-Royces energy business.3.5 Main Strengths and WeaknessesRolls-Royces main weakness is they have to e mploy a lot of employee, which is very common in the manufacturing industry. It means Rolls-Royce has to pay a lot benefit for the retail employee. And mosttimes, the orders may not be implemented well in such a big group corporation. There is another issue that Rolls-Royce has to focus on, that is, the increasing inventory which is caused by the unexpected order or demand. This will increase the companys operating costs.Rolls-Royces main strength is they are a leading integrated power systems company operating in the civil and defense aerospace, marine and energy markets. They have built their golden quality of their band, and they have regular partners and customers, for whom they will provide sustainable products and services. Furthermore, Rolls-Royce is a global corporation, so their business has a diversified geographic spread, which can be a source of guaranteed profit. Also they have a strong and trustful leadership to guarantee the right direction the corporation goes.Evalu ation of Rolls-Royces Recent StrategiesRolls-Royces recent strategy is based on five key elements4.1 Address four global marketsRolls-Royce should focuses on the four core businesses, civil aerospace, defense aerospace, marine and energy, which are the most four profitable markets to the corporation. And there are still a lot to be make in order to develop the international market. As we know, Europe and the American market accounted for the majority of revenue, thus Asia and African are two emerging markets to emphasize. In some developing countries, Rolls-Royce will benefit from the preferential policies and cheap labor force.4.2 Invest in technology, infrastructure and capabilityRolls-Royce needs to invest more in RD to develop more innovative, environment-friendly products in order for it to keep the possession of advanced technologies and to offer better services. Meanwhile, with the development of the global market, it is necessary to invest more on the infrastructure to offe r better services and attract more customers.4.3 Develop a competitive portfolio of products and servicesAs mentioned above, a competitive portfolio of products and services can consolidate existing markets and explore new markets.4.4 Grow market share and installed product baseAcross the group, the installed base of engines in service is expected to throw attractive returns over many years (Rolls-Royce, 2009).4.5 Add value for the customers through the provision of product-related services.Rolls-Royce should seek to add value for their customers with aftermarket services that will enhance the operation and reliability of their products (Rolls-Royce, 2009).4.6 OthersManufacturing industry need a lot employee to make products, so Rolls-Royce could move the manufacturing centers to countries with low labor costs, which can greatly cut the cost.4.7 Key CompetitorsGE Aviation and Pratt Whitney are Rolls-Royces top competitors. General Electric (GE) enjoys a very strong position in th e wide body market, with the CF6 and GE90 engines powering about 40% of aircraft in the class. Pratt Whitney (PW) and Rolls-Royce each have about a 30% market share with the JT9D/PW4000 and the RB211/Trent series, respectively (Aircraft Economics, 2004/2005). To date, the most fuel efficient single-aisle jet engine belongs to Pratt Whitney, a comfortably smaller player. The company unveiled its PW1000G geared turbofan in 2008 after a decade of development and promised it would reduce fuel burn by some 12% to 15% compared to todays engines (WSN Staff, 2010).In other business areas, there are some Rolls-Royces competitors not as big as GE and Pratt Whitney, such as SAFRAN, Emerson Electric, GE Honda Aero Engines, Honeywell Aerospace, IHI Corp, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, McDermott, Siemens AG, and Volvo.5. Evaluation of Rolls-Royces leadershipSir John Rose took over as CEO in 1996. Rolls-Royces CEOs used to have an engineering ground until Sir John Rose. He likes the intensely cha llenging job in Rolls-Royce which has something to do with His adventurous lifestyle, I guess. His leadership is critical to Rolls-Royces success. Rose insisted on continuing to invest substantially in the Trent engine series and it proved to be very important. Under Roses direction, the second largest business of Rolls-Royce, marine propulsion also has fared very well over the past years (Heller, Richard, 2005). Sir John Rose attaches importance to the after-sales business. And it makes sense, because engine services and sales of spare parts to replace worn components make up more than 50 percent of turnover. All in all, Rolls Royces leadership is smart, maturedynamic, aggressive and trustworthy.6. ConclusionRolls-Royce, the global leader in power systems and services for air, shore and sea, will focus on both the importance of services for its civil and defense aerospace markets and its newest programs for these markets, mainly on the global market. In civil and military business , they can also through acquisition of developing countrys jet industry to expand market segment. Therefore there are tremendous opportunities for future business in expanding consumer markets, such as China and India. After setbacks in the exploration, the corporation has achieved a positive development under the leadership of Sir John Rose.

Rene Descartes And The Existence Of God Philosophy Essay

Rene Descartes And The Existence Of divinity Philosophy EssayIn supposition III, Rene Descartes says that he is certain that imagination and perception do exist since they exist inside his mind as consciousness modes. However, Descartes says that he can never certain whether his perceptions and imaginations have any truth basis. He expounds on his argument about Gods founding from the discourse. Descartes analyzes his mind so as to know whether there exists anything that would let him desexualize God up. Descartes realizes that he is finite comp bed to God who is infinite, perfect and solely powerful. His argument says that its impossible for a universe like him who is to dream about infinity and he thus concludes that the idea of infinite has to come prior to the idea of being finite or prior to any persons thought of what he or she is.The jobThere exist three kinds of ideas innate ideas, factitious ideas and adventitious ideas. The innate ideas are those thoughts that are a nd have always been within us, the factitious or invented ideas on the other hand are the thoughts that arise from our imagination, while the adventitious ideas are the thoughts that arise from the world experiences. The idea of human beings of God is an innate one and moldiness have been placed inside us by a marvelous being that is, God. There is no way that the idea of Gods existence can be an invented one or an adventitious idea. Nothing comes from nonhing, so everything must have come from something. The cause of any idea has to have leastwise much neat or full-dreticuloendothelial systems reality as it has an intent or objective reality. Inside a person like me there exists an idea of a supernatural being referred to as God, and this is an infinite objective reality.As a human being who is finite, I can non be the cause or origin of this idea, because I am not an infinite and am also not a perfect being. Another reason is that as a person, I lack adequate formal reality and only an infinite and a perfect supernatural being is capable of causing such an idea. That is why, God, who is possess infinite objective reality must be in existence so as to be the source of my idea about God. Since in my idea, the supernatural being or God is absolutely perfect, he has to be a benevolent being. Benevolent beings do not lie and God being so, he would never mislead me and He would not allow me to error, and if I did, he would give me a way for me to correct my errors.For me to have any idea, first I have to exist, which I do and my existence has to have a cause or reason. The possible definitive causes of my existence can only be I or my always having been in existence, my parents who are some beings that are less perfect compared to God, and God Himself. This is a very valid argument because, if it was not, then I ought to have created myself, which I did not and if I created myself, I would have created myself being perfect. Since I was created, then I am a d ependent being and thus, I have to be continuously preticuloendothelial systemerve by another being that is to a greater extent superior. Also, the idea in me that perfection exists, must have arisen from a perfect being, therefore God exists.Descartes argues that he has a perfect and trenchant thought of God. In a similar manner cogito is axiomatic, so is the existence of God, as his impeccable idea of an impeccable being could not have been brought about by anything to a lesser extent than an impeccable being. If an individual exists, then there must be a source for his or her being. Descartes talks about the likelihood that an individual is answerable for his or her being. He further argues that this cannot be a possibility because of the concept that if humans created themselves, in their profess image, then, they would not have created all the lure, deception and sin that presently continues to trouble humanity. If humans created themselves, they would make themselves to exis t without nuisance or suffering.The other argument that hints that God exists brings forth the idea that people have at all times existed. Descartes invalidates the argument since, an individuals existence presently cannot reflect that individuals previous existence. It is ignorant to presume that yet because we have always existed, that it is an adequate explanation for our origin. Only a lazy philosopher can come up with such an argument and he must not have cared enough to dig for answers. Explaining the existence of God by mentioning an individuals parents, could have been done by a lazy philosopher who never researched for more answers. An individuals parents got their children to this world finished the birth process which is an enough forcible explanation on how human beings come to exist. Just as Descartes explains, there exists something beyond the assumption on the physical explanation of the existence of human being and that this explanation causes an infinite regress. This can be evident when one researches an individuals family tree one would keep on being referred to another parent and another parent and another parent. This could continue endlessly because human beings have existed for a very long time and thus it is ok to conclude that a human alone cannot be responsible for the existence of the entire human race. Also, if the tracking of individuals went back long enough, they would get to the Supreme beingness who created Adam and Eve as they are known as the first parents.Descartes views that it is necessary to establish that there exists God and that he cannot be a make out in so as to take away some of the basis for doubt (36). Descartes argues that the historically acknowledged cosmological argument is itself is misleadingly simple, just now it depends upon a set of eminences and terms. So when one misleads an individual other than oneself, it is being done for the sole purpose of gaining in ones own interest. God is all knowing, t he creator of all things and is in control of everything that has happened in the past and things that will occur in the future. For those very reasons there is no reason from him to deceive anyone because there is nothing more for him to gain. (32) Humans fall into error because of our souls. If our souls are the source of light and matter is the source of evil. Then a being like God evil demon- would be just as equal as our evil genius. These could make him believe that what he grasps clearly and distinctly is true when in reality there is no truth about it.Descartes argues about res extensa as well as res cognitans. He says of himself as a thinking being and further says that res cognitans can come into being because if a pair of trenchant things can be formed, res cognitans can be formed individually from an essence, and that essence is the res extensa. On the other hand, the material constituent is the crux of the res cognitans. Most probably the mind is well off with an fend er or esence. Res extensa is a thing of extension since it is res cognitans place. The evidences for the being of God are determined by distinguishing res cognitans from res extensa. Normally, God does not possess res extensa but possesses a soul that is worth to be the creator and origin of other lives, and the all caring and loving being. At some stages, res extensa or extension assists res cognitans, but it usually happens that res cognitans independently exists. When a person dies from this universe the res cognitans is conveyed to a different universe as the res extensa is not alive and it encounters little or nothing or does nothing. Thence, the constructs of res cognitans and res extensa evidently winds up the best proof that God exists Rene Descartes is successful in proving the existence of God.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Causes and Treatment

urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Ca work forbiddens and Treat manpowertUrinary piece of ground is the just around gross organ to deliver infection which occurs from neonates to geriatrics. It account for 8.3 million doctor visit each year and represent the second most common infection in the serviceman body (Sumaira Z beef et al.,2009). By the advancement of age, the attack of UTI increases in men cod to prostate enlargement and neurogenic bladder. Recurrent infections ar common and will pourboire to irreversible damage of the kidneys, which result in renal hypertension and renal failure in severe cases. In companionship, women atomic number 18 to a greater extent than pr mavin to gene prescribe UTI and 20% of women experience a iodine episode of UTI during their life conviction and 3% of women may w be more than one episode of UTI per year. Pregnancy also makes them more sensitive to infection. Catheter-associated UTI is a trenchant problem and bacteriuria is found in 5% of catheterised patients (Das R N et al., 2006). Urinary tract infection refers to the presence of microbes in the urinary tract. The frequency of pathogens varies upon hospitalization, intimate intercourse, and catheterization (Getenet B et al., 2011). Ab erupt 150 million people are diagnosed for having urinary tract infection with a very high fortune of morbidity and mortality (Raza S et al., 2011).Urinary tract infection is found more in women when compared with men the reason may be payable to anatomical reference structure or because of the urothelial mucosa attachment to the muco polysaccharide lining or due to other factors (Tampekar et al., 2006). Urinary tract infection is second only to respiratory tract in acquiring microbial infections (Raza S et al., 2011).Classification of Urinary Tract InfectionUrinary tract infection may be classified as upper urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract infection. According to the septic site, if its bladder hence it s called cystitis, if the bacterium is in the kidney then its called pyelonephrites, if its in urine the term bacteriuria is used (Getenet B et al., 2011). Manifestation of genitourinary tract infection vary from mild symptomatic cystitis to pyelonephrites and finally to septicaemia. Pyelonephrites are the sequelae of untreated or patheticly treated lower UTI and the most common cause of hospital admission during pregnancy and which lead to preterm labour(Jamie et al .,2002). Urinary tract infections are further divided into complicated and uncomplicated infections. Uncomplicated infections are those with no front instrumentations and complicated infections are those that have done instrumentations much(prenominal)(prenominal) as indwelling, urethral catheters and it include structural and functional abnormalities (Getnet B et al., 2011). Again UTI is classified as community acquired and hospital acquired (nosocomial). In community acquired UTI single species of bacteria is found and the organisms are Escherichia coli, P.mirabilis, Pseudomonas. Hospital acquired UTI is often due to multi drug resistant strain in this similar organism but greater preponderance of Streptococci or Klebsiella is seen (Sujit K Chaudhuri., 2001).Defnition of the precise terms in Urinary Tract InfectionSignificant bacteriuriaIt is be as the presence of 100000 bacteria per mL of urine.Asymptomatic bacteriuriaIt is outlined as significant bacteriuria in infected patients with the absence of symptomsCystitisIt is defined as a syndrome of frequency, dysuria, urgency in which the infection is limited to bladder and urethra.Urethral syndromeIn Urethral syndrome a conventional pathogen is present and its a syndrome of dysuria, frequency in the absence of significant bacteriuria.Acute pyelonephritesIt is an acute infection in one or both the kidneys.Chronic pyelonephritesIt may be due to the continuous excretion of bacteria from kidney or the recurring infection of the renal cell or due to a specific pathology of both kidneys.Relapse and reinfectionRelapse is defined has the restoration of infection by the same organism which intiated original infection. Reinfection is defined as the recurrence of infection by a new organism (Roger walker et al., 2003).Several studies have demonstrated geographical variability of Pathogens occurrence among UTI inpatient and outpatient is limited by the predominance of gram negative organisms. The most frequent pathogen isolated is Escherichia coli which accounts for about 50% to 90% of all uncomplicated infections (Tampekar et al., 2006). In complicated urinary tract infection and hospitalized patients, organisms such as Enterococcus faecalis and highly resistant gram negative rods including Pseudomonas are most common (Getenet B et al., 2011).Aetiology and microbiologyThe most common causative organism of uncomplicated UTI is Escherichia coli accounting more than 85% cases, followed by staphylococcus saprophyticus (coagulase-negat ive staphylococcus) accounting to nearly 15%.The pathogens in complicated UTI or nosocomical infections are Escherichia coli accounting 50%, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococci and Enterococci (Barbara et al., 2008).A very rare cause of urinary tract infection includes anaerobic bacteria and fungi and sometimes viruses which are detected by subtlety and nucleic acid amplification method.Abnormalities of the urinary tract such congenital anomalies of ureter, renal stones, enlargement of prostrate in men are other causes for urinary tract infection (Roger walker et al., 2003).Pathophysiology of UTI (Barbara et al., 2008)The urinary tract includes two pairs of kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra. Urinary tract infection are defined as infections at any take aim of the urinary tract which include,Upper urinary tract infection (Pyelonephrites)Lower urinary tract infection ( Cystitis, Urethritis) f follow out of preceding(prenominal) two The bacteria causing UTIs originate from bowel flora of the host. It can be acquired via three possible routesAscendingHaematogenousLymphatic pathwaysIn females the swindle length of the urethra and proximity to the perirectal area lead to the colonization of bacteria. The organisms enter the bladder from urethra and multiply and can ascend the ureters and ascend to the kidneys.Factors that determine the dumbfoundment of urinary tract infections areThe size of the inoculumsVirulence of the microorganismsCompetency of the natural host defense mechanisms.Important virulence factors of bacteria are their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells by fimbriae. Others include haemolysin, a cytotoxic protein produced by bacteria which lyses a large range of cells including erythrocytes, monocytes, and polymorph nuclear leukocytes.Clinical presentationPain or intense when you using bathroomFever, tiredness or shakinessAn urge to use the bathroom often and oftenPressure in the lower b elly piddle that smells bad and looks cloudy or reddishNausea or back painLower urinary tract infection Dysuria, urgency, nocturia, Increased frequency of micturitionUpper urinary tract infection Fever, flank pain, vomiting malaise.Clinical investigation (Roger walker et al., 2003)Laboratory diagnosis is successful when an uncontaminated urine pattern is obtained for microscopy and culture. The various(prenominal) patients need to instruct to produce mid stream urine sample (MSU) and then its collected into a sterile aliquot and then transfereered into the standard pot and finally is submitted to the laboratory.DipsticksIt is a rapid testing for urinary blood, nitrites, proteins and leukocyte esterase. The colour changes are assessed.MicroscopyIt is the first step in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections. piddle is placed on a slide and then covered with a cover slip and is examined under lens 40x.CultureThe patients urine is streaked in agar medium and is incubated for 24 hours at 370C and identify the single bacterial species which as initiated the particular infection.Treatment of UTINon specific treatmentUrinary tract infected patients are advised to drink a lot of fluids, this practice is on the basis that the bacteria is removed by frequent bladder emptying. Urinary analgesics such sodium citrate which will alkanize urine is used with antibiotics as an adjunct therapy (Roger walker et al., 2003).Pharmacological treatment of UTIAntibiotics are commonly used in Urinary tract infections. The modes of action of antibiotics may be,Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall deductive reasoningInhibition of Cytoplasmic Membrane FunctionInhibition of Nucleic Acid SynthesisInhibition of Protein SynthesisControl of Microbial EnzymesSubstrate Competition with an Essential Metabolite (Barar F. S. K., 2007)UTI are mainly treated with broad spectrum Cephalosporins, Fluroquinolones, and Aminoglycosides. Cephalosporins are cell wall inhibitors which are commonly use d for treating urinary tract infections caused by Gram negative organisms. It include Cefotaxime, Cephradine, Ceftazidime etc. Flouroquinolones act by inhibiting the action at law of DNA gyrase and topo isomerase which are the enzymes needed for bacterial DNA replication and it includes Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Enoxacin. Aminoglycoside act by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis it include Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Amikacin etc (Farhat Ullah et al., 2009).Oral therapy in urinary tract infection is Sulphonamides congresswoman (TMP-SMX) PenicillinS which include Ampicillin, Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid. Cephalosporins example Cephalexin, Cephadrine. Tetracyclines example Doxycycline, Minocycline. Fluroquinolones example Levofloxacin, Nitrofurantine. Parentral therapy is done with Carbapenems example Imipenem-Cilastatin. Aminglycosides example Amikacin, Gentamycin (Barbara et al., 2008).2.9 Treatments of infections of urinary tract(S.D Seth et al., 1999)Treatment of Lower Urinary Tra ct InfectionsSingle-dose Trimethoprim -Sulphamethoxazole (400mg+2g) are used to treat acute uncomplicated episode of cystitis.Acute urethritis can be treated with Doxycycline 100 mg twice a daylight for 7 days.Single dose therapy must be restricted in patients where symptoms are present for slight than 10 days. In more complicated cases vii days therapy with antibiotics should be given and alternatively broader spectrum antibiotics are used.Treatment of upper Urinary Tract Infections10-14 day course of Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, Trimethoprim in a single dose, Cephalosporins, or Aminoglycoside gives adequate therapy. If recurrence occurs then the patient should be investigated for calculi and other urologic disease.Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections during PregnancyAcute cystitis during pregnancy is treated with Amoxicillin, Nitrofurantoin,or Cephalosporin for 4 days.Acute pyelonephtites is managed generally with Cephalosporin or extended spectrum Penicillin.Treatment for Recurrent Urinary Tract InfectionsIn this a drug capable of achieving high create from raw material meanness is needed.7-14 days high treatment is given.Treatment of Asymptomatic InfectionsAsymptomatic bacteriuria is confirmed by a minimum of two positive cultures. An oral therapy for 1 week with the most sensitive agent is given primarly.Treatment for Catheter Associated Urinary Tract InfectionAsymptomatic bacteriuria in catheterized patients is non treated if they are not at a high risk of sepsis.Treatment for ProstatitisThe pathogen found in this is mainly Gram Negative Bacilli. Trimethoprim- Sulphamethoxazole, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin can penetrate prosthetic tissue and are mostly effective. If Cocci are found cloxacillin may be given.Chemoprophylaxis of Urinary Tract InfectionsIt is indicated to patients with a very frequent symptomatic infection. A single dose Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (80mg TMP+400 mg SMZ) or Nitrofurantoin (50 mg) is found to be effective.Drug d efense (Michelle.A.Clark et al., 2012), (Barar F.S.K 2010).Bacteria are said to be resistant to an antibiotic if the maximal level of that antibiotic which can be tolerated by the host does not alter the bacterial proceeds. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may be both Natural or Acquired.Natural resistanceNatural resistance is genetically determined and it depends upon the absence of a metabolic process which is affected by the respective bacteria.Acquired resistanceAcquired resistance is the resistance which is seen in a previously sensitive bacterial pathogen and it involves a very stable genetic change which is heritable from one generation to another generation. The common mechanism is by play, adaptation, or by the development of multiple drug resistance which is as a result of transfer of genetic material from bacteria to bacteria by transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Microbial species which are normally responsive to a particular drug may develop more virulen t, resistant strains due to,Genetic revisalsSpontaneous mutations of DNADNA transfer of drug resistanceB) Altered expression of proteins in organism allowance of target siteDecreased accumulationEnzymtic InactivationA) Genetic alterationsAcquired antibiotic is due to the temporary or permanent alteration of organisms genetic information.Spontaneous mutation of DNAChromosomal alteration occurs by insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides within the genome. The mutation may be fatal to the cells. If the cells survive it will replicate and transmit its mutated properties to other cells.DNA transfer of drug resistanceIt occurs due to DNA transfer from one bacterium to other. underground gene are plasmid mediated and can be incorporated into host bacterial DNA.B) Altered expression of proteins in organismIt occurs by renewing of mechanisms, such as a lack of or alteration in target site, increased efflux of the drug or by the expression of antibiotic inactivating enzymes.Mo dification of target sitesThe change in the antibiotic target site through mutation can lead to resistance. Example, S pneumonia resistance to distinguished lactums involves alteration in one or more of major bacterial penicillin binding protein.Decreased accumulationIf the drug is unable to attain access to the site of its action to kill the organisms resistance confers.Enzymic inactivationThe ability to destroy antibiotic agent by the pathogen can confer resistance. Antibiotic inactivating enzymes includea) Beta lactamases (Hydrolytically inactivate beta lactum ring of penicillin)b) Acetyl transferases (Transfer an acetyl group to antibiotics)c) Esterases (Hydrolyze the lactone ring of macrolides)Antibiotic toleranceThe term antibiotic tolerance is used when the antibiotic merely inhibits its multiplication and growth but no longer kills the microbial pathogen. Tolerant microbial pathogen starts to grow after antibiotics are stopped.Cross resistanceIt is defined as a phenomenon in which bacteria resistant to one drug is resistant to another drug to which the bacteria is not exposed before.Examples are Neomycin and Kanamycin.Pr evetion of drug resistance (K.D Tripathy 2006)Indiscriminate and prolonged use of antibiotics should be stopped it will minimise resistant strains so there will be less chance to preferentially propagateRapidly acting and narrow spectrum antibiotics should be preferred. Broad spectrum is used when a proper one cannot be determinedWhen prolonged therapy is needed use combination of Anti microbial agentsTreatment should be intensively done for the infections by organism which develops resistance Example, Staphylococcus aureus.Evaluation of urinary tract pathogen and principles of antibiotic dosing (Michelle.A.Clark et al., 2012), (Sharma H L et al 2011)The traditional way for the evaluating urinary tract pathogens is urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The major drawback of current microbiological analysis is time laps e of more than a day (Vesna Ivancic et al., 2008). The five important characteristic which influence frequency of dosing of all antibiotics are,Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)It is the concluding concentration of antibiotic that inhibit bacterial growth. To have effective therapy the clinically obtainable antimicrobial concentration should be greater than MIC.Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)It is the lowest concentration of antibiotic agent that results in 99.9% decline in colony count after incubation.Concentration dependent killing effect CDKEAntibiotics are most effective when higher blood concentration is reached periodically. These bactericidal antibiotics are said to be concentration -dependent killing (CDK). In drugs whose killing action is CDK the extent and rate of killing increases with increase in drug concentration. Examples Amino glycosides, Fluroquinolones.Time dependent killing effect TDKEAntibiotics are most effective when the blood concentrations are hold above the minimum inhibitory concentration for the maximum long duration possible. These bactericidal antibiotics exhibit time -dependent killing (TDK). In drugs whose killing action is (TDK) the activity of antibiotics continue as long as serum concentration are maintained above the minimum inhibitory concentration. Examples Vancomycin, Beta Lactums.Post -antibiotic effect PAEA suppression of bacterial growth which is persistent after a brief exposure to antibiotics agents is said to be post-antibiotic effect. In post antibiotic effect the suppression or inhibition of bacterial growth is found even when the bacterial agent is no longer present or its concentration is very less than MIC. Examples of drugs which show significant PAE are Tetracycline, Amino glycosides.The aetiology of UTI and the antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens have been changing over the past decade. The extensive uses of antibiotics have invariably resulted in the development of resistance which ha s become major problem in recent years. Antibiotic treatment which are of shorter duration than required, and the treatment administered without considering antibiotic and organism esthesia as resulted in more resistance in bacterial strains (Mohammed Akram et al., 2007), (Eshwarappa M et al., 2011). To find out the most effective empirical treatment, investigating the epidemiology of UTI is a thoroughgoing commence to guide the expected interventions (Getnet B et al., 2011). Since the distribution of microbial pathogens and their susceptibility is variable regionally and it is necessary to have a knowledge of uropathogens and sensitivity in a particular setting (Muhammed Naeem et al., 2010).The selection of antimicrobial agents require the following knowledge,The organisms identityThe organisms susceptibility to particular agentThe site of the infectionPatient factorsThe synthetic rubber of the agentThe cost of therapyHowever, in critically ill patients need immediate treatment i.e. the therapy is initiated soon after specimens for laboratory analysis have been obtained before the culture result and selection of drug is influenced by the site of infection and patients history or by the association of particular organismPrevention and prophylaxis (Roger Walker et al).Cranberry juiceIt has been thought beneficial for the prevention of urinary tract infections. The benefit of drinking cranberry juice instead of antibiotics has reduced resistance of bacteria.Antibiotic prophylaxisIt is indicated to patients who are having reinfections. If the reinfection is after sexual intercourse then after intercourse a single dose of antibiotics is taken. In other cases low dose is beneficial.Patient counselling of UTIDrinking wad of clear liquids will keep urine diluted.Good personal hygiene following urination and bowel movements. Cleaning self front to back from vagina to anus. attain frequently to wash out bacteria that may be present, avoid holding urine for prolong ed periods of time.Urinate after intercourse to wash out bacteria that may have been introduced into the urethra.Avoid wearing tight jeans, wet bathing suites.Present scenario of UTINew studies reveal that the risk of urinary tract infection is high among boys who has not circumcised and had a visible urethral meatus.Another line of UTI seek has indicated that women who are non-secretors of certain blood group antigens may be more prone to recurrent urinary tract infections because the cells lining the vagina and urethra may allow bacteria to attach more easily.Scientists have worked out an effective new approach to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) by dumping antibiotics. It involves so-called FimH antagonists, which are non antibiotic compounds and would not contribute to the growing problem of pathogens resistant to antibiotics.Barriers to integration Refugees in new countriesBarriers to integration Refugees in new countriesBackground 1.1 Settlement of Refugees in Australi aAustralia has been settling refugees for more than a century. As per official records, settlement history begins in 1839, pick outing the arrival of Lutherans. Nevertheless, Australias modern approach to refugee settlement began with a new national refugee policy in 1977. It has, now, become a designated resettlement demesne for refugees and it receives a designated number of refugees on annual basis as on the agreement with UNHCR. According to the best estimates available, 2009-10 was the year in which Australia, since becoming an independent nation, passed the 750,000 mark in its intake of refugees and humanitarian entrants.In recent years, the incidents of persecution, conflict, generalized madness and human rights violation have significantly increased in Democratic republic of the Congo, Mali, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and the border amidst Sudan and South Sudan. Surprisingly Australia has reduced its Refugee and Humanitarian Program to 13, 750 places while the re is a considerable gap between resettlement needfully and available places worldwide.At this point, it is important to acknowledge current refugee settlement issues in Australia. In general, settlement issues fall into four main categories as followsIn accession to these main categories, if we go further deeper into the context, it is obvious to see another horizon of challenges fall into following areasFamily and YouthLegal and FinancialCommunity RelationsSecuring a meaningful employment is a truly challenging task among refugees mainly because of their lack of knowledge about Australian work place culture, no prior work experience in Australia, inadequate services to support employment transitions, discrimination, racism, lack of English proficiency, inability to get access to job market, and problems in recognizing oversea skills, experience and qualification.Finding an affordable house becomes a serious issue due to the competition in private rental market. Renting and retai ning the house have equal consideration as finding the house. Discrimination and racism appear again as opposing factors. Moreover, financial hardship of refuges, size of families, their lack of Australian rental history, and unawareness about tenancy rights and responsibilities can be said as reasons for housing difficulties during their settlement.Educational barriers are different system of education, different languages, inadequate induction and support, high illiteracy among refugee communities, disruption of schooling for young people and enrollment base on age rather than knowledge. Inconsistency in policies and practices results in ignoring needs of young people with disrupted education.Health issues are normally caused by family separation, their prior experience and trauma, lack of social networks and consequent isolation. wholly of the above issues (Employment, Housing and Education) negatively affect the health and mental wellbeing of these communities. We can notice a great demand for interpreters in health sector since they are often required in counseling and consultation.Integrational conflicts and cultural shocks attempt to damage family relations and peoples values. For an example, younger ones adapt more readily and it leads to fault and confusion within families. Parenting becomes more challenging. Cultural clashes affect spousal relationships in a negative way and ends up in separation and divorces. Domestic violence and family breakdowns seem to be common in refugee communities. On the other hand, there are serious concerns about unaccompanied minors and single mothers with many children. When it comes to youth, due to their prior refugee experience, limited education or work experience, cultural dislocation and loss of established social networks lead them to frustration. Resulting frustration has its own dangerous consequences such as involving in il reasoned activities.Most of the refugees who come from war torn countries see the p olice as an oppressive authority. This viewpoint often creates misconceive between police and refugee communities. Racism does its part to damage this relationship worse than we assume. Refugees are in need for legal advices regarding their visa process, financial arrangements and documentations. Cultural incompetency of legal advisers and refugees lack of knowledge of legal systems can be highlighted under this area.Community relations between refugee communities and host communities are influenced by myth about refugees, cultural mis intellect, discrimination and racism. These factors prevent both communities to create wider interactions for better understanding between them. Without a positive cooperation from local community, it is difficult to succeed in settlement.All these main categories and areas of settlement issues repeatedly highlight a gap between refugee communities and local community. And a insularity between refugees and local systems is also visible. These gap an d detachment practically become great barriers for a smooth integration and successful settlement of refugees in Australia.1.3 Problem AnalysisBased on our background research on the settlement of refugees in Australia, we developed our initial problem tree. It was used as a draft during expert consultations. Its insightfulness helped us finding scatty pieces if information and guided us to further research. Obviously the gap between refugee communities and local community together with local systems directly or either indirectly poses challenges to almost every problem we identified. Therefore, we identified community isolation as our focal problem.Consultation with refugee experts who have refugee backgrounds as well as remarkable experience from working with refugees settling in Victoria, particularly in South East of Melbourne, gave us clear picture of current settlement issues. Some of the case studies based on City of great Dandenong showed us a multiple dimensions of alread y identified problems. Our finalized problem tree, after sorting out the problems, is given below. Public misunderstanding was identified a crucial factor to discrimination. Some of the politicians and media play an important role in creating a negative image for refugees. For an example, if a refugee is accused to be involved in a crime scene, they flash the news by highlighting the background of this particular refugee community and paint a red disguise on the rest of the community without considering the consequences. In fact, these sort of careless actions widen the gap between local community and refugee communities. It is evident to see lack of faith among refugees mainly due to cultural alienation, past refugee experience, language incompetency and lack of knowledge of local context and local systems. Considering the cultural alienation, it is happened to be the outcome of disagreement between the unique characteristics of different cultures. Australians can be identified with individualism, lack of social cohesion and materialism whereas most of the refugee communities can be characterized as socialistic societies. Mutual understanding is necessary to promote better understanding of these differences and that requires considerably a long time.Among the effects of community isolation, identity crisis is something which has profound effect even on other effects either directly or indirectly. But, normally, it doesnt get enough attention from settlement programs. Acculturation means that members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant group. It can be reciprocal but in case of refugees it is only one way. It causes loss of separate cultural identification. People feel a sense of powerlessness as a result. Psychosocial repercussions heavily damage human personality. As a result, refugees look at comprehend threats, it can be either real or even imagined, in their lives and recognize it may require resources we dont have. I t includes threats to their social status, social esteem, bankers acceptance within the society and threat to their self-worth. In long time, all these effects create social discord which is not good for both local community and refugee communities. 1.4 Objective AnalysisAt the end of the objective analysis, we came up with positive results, but not for each of the identified problem statements. We left a enquiry mark for racism as it cant be directly addressed. Nobody is going to accept that they are racist. Therefore, we decided to better leave it totally in the objective tree and reduce its impact indirectly from promoting public understanding. Objective tree was adjusted with some rearrangements with optimistic conditions.Alternative analysis pointed out the ongoing programs and projects by AMES, state government and other service providers in the area of employment, housing, language, education and future promises to improve current refugee and humanitarian programs. At this point, it is important to acknowledge Community Guides Program, Luv-A-Duck project and Ucan3 Youth Program of AMES as well as its support to social enterprises such as Sorghum Sisters, Cultural Cooks and spheric Caf, and support for community initiatives. We noticed lack of attention on the refugees rights and their cultural validity.It was finally decided to promote community engagement by increasing the level of confidence among refugees and creating social embrace with public understanding. Community Engagement will create cultural validity for refugee communities by providing them greater opportunities for social networking. Mutual understanding between local community and refugee communities would have positive impact in long-term and that would consequently bring social harmony in the City of Greater Dandenong.

Characterization of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases, Necrotizin

Characterization of incursive Group A Streptococcal Diseases, Necrotizing FaciitisAbstractInvasive Group A streptococcus has been around the sympathetic civilization since the beginning of our existence, and it continues to be a threat today. Invasive Group A Streptococcus, known as invasive GAS, occurs around 9400 times a division in the United States alone, while it is unknown about the rest of the world due to recording inconsistencies. This bacteria exists as one of the most common botany in humans, and can only start infection when thither is a region which has been opened. For example, these regions could include the blood, muscles, and other various locations. Necrotizing fasciitis, dubbed as the flesh-eating bacteria by the media, is one of the known bacteria within the invasive group A Streptococcus. Although the mortality and morbidity rate of necrotizing fasciitis is at 70-80%, treatment may reduce it to 30-50%.Invasive Group A Streptococcus disease, known as invasive GAS, is a disease that stems from the Group A bacteria found on the throat and skin. This bacterium is known as Streptococcus pygoenes. A bacterium of this strain is a gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporeforming coccus that occurs in chains or in pairs in cells. The individual cells of this bacterium are round cocci, about .6-1.0 micrometer in diameter. The bacteria divides in 1 plane, therefore, cells occur in pairs or in chains of various lengths. Streptococcus pygoenes is also a catalase-negative nervetolerant microbe anaerobe. It requires certain encriched mediums that contain blood in order to divide and grow. GAS contains a capsule of hyaluronic acid, which makes it exhibit hemolysis, which are whiten colonies on blood agar. S. pyogenes is always foun... ...hould take care to protect themselves from this bacteria. Although it is not always possible, since this bacterium is found in 5-15% of humans as normal flora, there are always ways to helpCharacterization of Invasive Grou p? 5prevent it. While this invasive Group A Streptococcus is not as rampant as before antibiotics were introduced, it is still a major problem in certain areas in the world, so research on part ways to eliminate this disease should continue.ReferencesInfectious Diseases and Immunization Committee. (1999, April 4). Invasive Group A Streptococcal Diseases. Streptococcal Diseases. July 26, 2005 http//www.cps.ca/english/statements/ID/id98-05.htmMaynor, M. (2005, January). Necrotizing Fasciits. Infectious Diseases. July 26, 2005 http//www.emedicine.com/EMERG/topic332.htmSkinner, F. (1987). Streptococci. New York Academic conjure Inc.

The Last of the Mohicans Essay -- essays research papers

The Last of the MohicansIn James Fenimore Coopers book, The Last of the Mohicans, we find a classic story set in the 1700s. During this time, the war between the French and English is raging, complicated by an additional contention between the Mohican Indians and the Huron Indians. The location is in the area of Lake George in the Hudson Valley,somewhere between invigorated York and Canada. The theme of this book is a conflict between civilization and viciousness, each being personified in both the whites, the Indians, and in nature itself.The author seems to be show the truth of human nature that there is afine line between acting in a civilized manner and giving in to the primitive urge to totally destroy other human beings. The ruggedness of the region provided a similar conflict with man. At times, it was beautiful,sheltering, protecting, and nourishing the characters with food and water.At other times, it was obviously wild and untamed bringing danger andaiding in destructio n.There were many prominent characters in the book. These includeChingachgook and his son, Uncas, who are the last remain Mohicans andthe protagonists of the story. Another was Hawk-eye, who is a white manraised from birth by Chingachgook. Major Duncan Hayward is an officer withthe English military who is assigned to transport two sisters from stronghold Edward to their father at Fort William Henry. The antagonist, or dominant enemy, of the story was Magua, a Huron Indian who was a leader of his people and was driven by the traditional savagery of his tribe.The story begins with Major Hayward preparing to carry out his orders to transport Alice and Cora Monroe to their father, General Monroe, at Fort William Henry. In order to make the journey safely he engage a guide familiar with the area to lead the party through the treacherous territory. Unknown to him, his guide, Mage, had a plan to entrap them by leading them to the Hurons where they would sure be killed. As they pressed on through thick forests and deep rivers, they came upon a psalmist named David Gumet sitting beside the path. Gumet was a pleasant person and a gifted vocalist who had lost his horse and his provisions. They encouraged him to join them for his own safety. Shortly down the path, the Mohicans ambushed them with th... ...e bargained with Magua, Uncas tried to sneak up on him. Magua saw him and killed Cora. Uncas leaped onMagua trying to intrust him down, but Magua stabbed Uncas multiple times killing him. Hawk-eye took his gun and shot Magua, causing him to fall down the steep mountain cliff to his death. After joining tail together for a ceremony, the story comes to an abrupt end as they all went their separate ways.Overall, the book was enjoyable to read because there was constant adventure and it was full moon of surprises. Cooper seemed to highlight the strength of the friendships between the characters throughout the book and how they were able to overcome adversity. The onl y Christian character in the story was David Gumet, who played a minor part. The story portrayed a definite secular worldview, particularly with the constant violence and thespiritual practices of the Indians. The wording was, at times, difficult toread and the author had a tendency to jump back-and-forth between characters and situations. Nevertheless, I would recommend this book to others because it was adventurous and not boring. I found it difficult to put down once I started reading it.